Biology 2 Unit 1: Evolution

biological evolution (or evolution)

A heritable change in one or more characteristics in a population of organisms from one generation to the next.

evolution

A heritable change in a population of organisms from one generation to the next.

microevolution

Changes in a population's gene pool, such as changes in allele frequencies, from generation to generation.

Macroevolution

Evolutionary changes that produce new species or groups of species.

Molecular Evolution

The process of evolution at the level of genes and proteins.

Empirical Thought

Thought that relies on observation to form an idea or hypothesis, rather than trying to understand phenomena from a nonphysical or spiritual point of view.

Species

In taxonomy, a subdivision of a genus. Each species is a group of related organisms that share a distinctive set of attributes in nature and (for sexually reproducing species) are capable of interbreeding.

Population

A group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same environment and (for sexually reproducing organisms) can interbreed with one another.

The Darwin and Wallace theory

posits that species change over time, not by design, but through a natural process.

Heritable

1. A trait that can be transmitted from parent to offspring. 2. A property of DNA, which means that it can be passed from cell to cell and from parent to offspring.

natural selection

The process that eliminates those individuals that are less likely to survive and reproduce in a particular environment, while allowing other individuals with traits that confer greater reproductive success to increase in numbers.

Selective Breeding

the process where humans choose parents with desirable traits to produce offspring that inherit those traits, leading to changes in plants and animals over generations

Biogeography

Unqiue species found on islands and other remote areas have arisen because the species in these locations have evolved in isolation from the rest of the world

Convergent Evolution

two different species from different lineages sometimes become anatomically similar because they occupy similar environments. This indicates that natural selection results in adapation to a given environment

Fossil Record

When fossils are compared according to their age, from oldest to youngest, succesive evolutionary change becomes apparent

Homologies

similarities between organisms due to inheriting a feature from a common ancestor, rather than evolving independently

Anatomical Evolution

Homologous structures that are anatomically similar to each other because they evolved from a structure in a common ancestor. In some cases, such structures have lost their original function and become vestigal.

Developmental Evolution

An analysis of embryonic development often reveals features that point to past evolutionary relationships. For example, some species of snakes have hindlimb buds as early embryos but lose the buds and develop into legless adults, suggesting that snakes evolved from a species with legs.

Molecular Evolution

At the molecular level, certain genes are found in all living species, suggesting that all living species are derived from an interrelated group of common ancestors. In addition, species that are closely related evolutionarily have DNA sequences that are more similar to each other than they are to the DNA sequences of distantly related organisms.

Gene

sequences that change over time due to mutation and selection, revealing evolutionary relationships among species.

Mutation

is a change in the DNA sequence that can lead to variations in traits and can be passed on to subsequent generations, playing a key role in evolution.

Heritable

traits or genetic information that can be passed from parents to offspring, influencing evolutionary processes.

Mitosis

a process of cell division that results in two genetically identical daughter cells, essential for growth and repair in multicellular organisms.

Meiosis

a type of cell division that produces gametes with half the number of chromosomes, essential for sexual reproduction.

Double Stranded

DNA structure consisting of two complementary strands that coil around each other, forming a double helix.

Transcription

the process by which the information in a segment of DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA), facilitating gene expression. DNA TO RNA

Translation

the process by which ribosomes synthesize proteins from mRNA sequences, translating genetic information into amino acid chains. RNA TO PROTEIN

Expression

the process of converting genetic information into functional proteins, often regulated by transcription and translation. GENE EXPRESSION

Silent Evolution

a model of evolution where changes in species occur without obvious selection pressures, resulting in gradual adaptations.

Missense Evolution

a type of mutation where a single nucleotide change results in a codon that codes for a different amino acid, potentially affecting protein function.

Nonsense Evolution

a type of mutation that creates a premature stop codon in the mRNA sequence, leading to truncated proteins that are usually nonfunctional.

Insertion or Deletion Evolution

a type of mutation involving the addition or loss of one or more nucleotides in a DNA sequence, which can cause reading frame shifts and significant changes in protein structure.

Phospholipid Bilayer

The process by which a single cell divides to produce four genetically diverse gametes, essential for sexual reproduction and genetic diversity.

Osmosis

the movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration, aiming to equalize solute concentrations on both sides.

Active Transport

the process of moving molecules across a cell membrane from an area of lower concentration to one of higher concentration, requiring energy in the form of ATP. ENERGY(ATP)

Passive Transport (NO ATP/ENERGY)

the movement of molecules across a cell membrane without the use of energy, typically from an area of higher concentration to one of lower concentration.

Diffusion Gradient

the difference in concentration of a substance between two areas, driving diffusion from high to low concentration.

Hydrophobic

Referring to molecules that do not interact well with water, often repelling it. These molecules are typically nonpolar and include fats and oils. REPELS WATER

Hydrophillic

Referring to molecules that interact well with water, often forming hydrogen bonds. These molecules are typically polar and include sugars and salts. LOVES WATER

Transport Proteins

Proteins that facilitate the movement of substances across a cell membrane, often by forming channels or carriers. They are essential for transporting ions, nutrients, and other molecules.

Membrane Channels

Proteins that form pores in the cell membrane, allowing specific molecules to pass in and out of the cell, facilitating transport.

Selective Permeability

The ability of a cell membrane to regulate the entry and exit of substances, allowing only certain molecules to pass while blocking others.

The plasma membrane exhibits

Selective permeability, allowing specific substances to enter or exit the cell while maintaining the internal environment.

Phospholipids are

Amphipathic molecules that make up the plasma membrane, having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions.

small and hydrophobic is under

High permeability of the plasma membrane, allowing them to easily pass through.

Large and Hydrophillic is under

Very low permeability, as these molecules cannot easily pass through the lipid bilayer.

Charus

are molecules that have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic properties, typically involved in the structure of cell membranes.

Example of Moderate Permeability

include small polar molecules urea, which can pass through the membrane more easily than larger or charged molecules.

Active transport moves against Diffusion

the concentration gradient, requiring energy input, typically from ATP.

from low to high concentration

Active transports direction would be

from high to low concentration

Passive transports directions would be

Potential Energy

Water held behind a dam would best reflect

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

An autotroph captures energy from other sources and does not actually produce energy because

In ALL exergonic reactions

The reaction proceeds with a net release of free energy

By using a catalyst

How can a living cell increase the rate of chemical reaction?

catalyst

A substance that accelerates a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.

true

Temperature, pH, and ionic concentrations each play an important role in the proper functioning of enzymes

The products because this is an exergonic reaction

In the equation C6H12O6 + 6CO2 —- 6CO2 +6H20, ATP and heat would be on which side of the reaction?

exergonic reaction

A chemical reaction that releases energy, usually in the form of ATP, as it proceeds.

Endergonic reaction

A chemical reaction that requires the input of energy to proceed, converting adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into other forms of energy.

TRUE

The term anaerobic describes cellular respiration in the absence of oxygen

TRUE

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

Fermentation

The breakdown of organic molecules without oxygen is called

TRUE

During fermentation, yeast breaks down pyruvate into CO2 and acetaldehyde

34-38 ATP molecules

Aerobic Respiration produces what molecules?

2 ATP molecules

Anaerobic respiration produces what molecules?

Amino acids turned to pyruvate, Acetyl CoA and other metabolites during metabolism.

Proteins include

sugars and starches that provide energy, converted into glucose/Glycolysis during metabolism.

Carbohydrates include

Glycerol, fatty acids that are used for energy storage and cell membrane structure.

Fat include

Glyceraldehyde- 3-phosphate

Glycerol turns to

acetyl-CoA during metabolism.

Fatty acids turn into

The left side; this is an endergonic reaction that requires energy input for photosynthesis to occur.

In the reaction 6CO2 + 6H20 —— C6H12O6 + 6O2, Which side should energy be placed on?

Chloroplast is the organelle where photosynthesis occurs.

In which organelle of a plant cell does photosynthesis takes place?

As an electron donor

Plants require a lot of water for transpiration, metabolism, and photosynthesis. How is water used in photosynthesis?

It explains the diversity of life through natural selection and common ancestry, linking all biological concepts.

Why is the theory of evolution a unifying theme in biology?

Theory

Evolution is supported by a substantial body of evidence and explains a wide range of observations; thus it is considered a scientific

DNA sequences

A more recent type of evidence that has revolutionized the study of evolution is differences in ____?

Molecular evolution

What term refers to changes to the genetic material that underlie changes in characteristics or phenotypes?

Static and unchanging

Early thinkers about the diversity of life on Earth were strongly influenced by philosophy and religion, and regarded species as

species

A group of related organisms that share a distinctive form constitute a(n)

Because it helps explain a very wide range of observations and Because it is supported by a large body of evidence

Why is evolution considered a theory?

species were regarded as never changing entites

What was typical of early ideas about the origin and diversity of species?

interbreed

All members of a species that live in the same area and have the opportunity to ____ is a population.

Only catastrophic events changed Earth's geological structure.

Cuvier's theory fit well with religious teachings.

Earth was about 6,000 years old.

Which statements are true about Georges Cuvier's geological theory? More than one answer may be correct.

Limited resources

In his manuscript Malthus noted that the human population can only grow linearly, even though our reproductive potential is exponential. Why?

George Cuvier

Who proposed the theory of catastrophism that claimed only catastrophic events had changed Earth's geological structures?

Age

Which of Earth's characteristics was among the main distinctions between the hypotheses of catastrophism and uniformitarianism in the early 19th century?

Darwin was the ship’s naturalist and recorded features of the natural world.

How did Darwin's work on the Beagle influence his ideas about evolution?

Galapagos islands

What group of islands was home to organisms such as finches with distinctive traits observed by Darwin on the voyage of the Beagle?

Thomas Malthus

Who wrote a paper called Essay on the Principle of Population that influenced Darwin's ideas about evolution by natural selection?

Evolved from a single species similar to finch commonly found along the Pacific coast of south america

It is now known that Darwin's Galápagos finches Blank______.

Survive and Reproduce

An important message from Malthus' work that influenced Darwin's ideas about evolution was that only a fraction of any population will

Island Species

During the voyage of the HMS Beagle, Darwin was particularly struck by the distinctive traits of Blank______.

Darwin

Who had developed his ideas regarding evolution by the mid-1840s, although he did not publish his theory until the following decade?

increased ability to survive and reproduce based on changes over time in beak size and shape

While the Galápagos finches have descended from a common ancestor, the striking differences in their beaks evolved due to Blank______.

He suggested that limited resources affect population growth.

Why was Malthus' work instrumental to Darwin's formation of the theory of evolution by natural selection?

Grasping or probing beaks for picking insects

Tree finches feeding habit

crushing beaks for eating seed

Ground finches

Probing beaks for opening up fruits

Cactus Finches

Natural selection

Individuals with heritable traits that make them better suited to their native environment tend to flourish and reproduce more than others. This process is called Blank______.