Main Topic 4: Sustainable Development and Energy

Republic Act 9003

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000

Republic Act 9003

Republic Act 9275

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

Philippine Clean Water Act of 2004

Republic Act 9275

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

Republic Act 8749

Republic Act 8749

Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999

Republic Act 6969

Toxic Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990

Toxic Substances, Hazardous and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990

Republic Act 6969

Presidential Decree 1586 Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System of 1978 and its IRR

DENR Administrative Order No. 2003-30

DENR Administrative Order No. 2003-30

Presidential Decree 1586 Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System of 1978 and its IRR

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The approach that has developed for thinking and planning comprehensively about the interlinked problems of economy, society and environment is _______.

sustainable development

Using the most known definition by World Commission on Environment and Development (1987), ________ is “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

United Nations (UN)

Who formulated Sustainable Development Goals?

193

United Nations (UN), which started in 1945, was founded with the objectives to maintain international peace and achieve international cooperation among its ____ member states, to protect human rights, and promote sustainable development. To achieve this, international agenda were being adopted, tackling the biggest problems that the world is facing. One of these agenda is the SDGs.

September 2015

In 2000, eight (8) Millennium Development Goals were created to reduce global poverty by 2015. However, as then UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said, “Yet for all the remarkable gains, I am keenly aware that inequalities persist and that progress has been uneven.” With this, in _______, the organization developed the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with the 17 SDGs as its backbone.

General Ban Ki-moon

In 2000, eight (8) Millennium Development Goals were created to reduce global poverty by 2015. However, as then UN Secretary _______ said, “Yet for all the remarkable gains, I am keenly aware that inequalities persist and that progress has been uneven.” With this, in September 2015, the organization developed the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, with the 17 SDGs as its backbone.

SDG 1

End poverty in all forms everywhere (No Poverty)

SDG 2

Zero Hunger

SDG 3

GOOD HEALTH AND WELL-BEING

SDG 4

QUALITY EDUCATION

SDG 5

GENDER EQUALITY

SDG 6

CLEAN WATER AND SANITATION

SDG 7

AFFORDABLE AND CLEAN ENERGY

SDG 8

DECENT WORK AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

SDG 9

INDUSTRY, INNOVATION AND INFRASTRUCTURE

SDG 10

REDUCED INEQUALITIES

SDG 11

SUSTAINABLE CITIES AND COMMUNITIES

SDG 12

RESPONSIBLE CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION

SDG 13

CLIMATE ACTION

SDG 14

LIFE BELOW WATER

SDG 15

LIFE ON LAND

SDG 16

PEACE, JUSTICE AND STRONG INSTITUTIONS

SDG 17

PARTNERSHIPS FOR THE GOALS

Solar Energy

_____ is the conversion of sunlight into usable energy forms. Solar photovoltaics (PV) and solar thermal electricity are well estaSun radiation arrives outside the Earth with a specific spectral distribution, which is modified throughout the atmosphere until reaching the Earth’s surface.

Geographic latitude, Time of day, Year

The amount of solar energy available on a given location of the earth differs depending on the

Direct radiation

radiation from the sun that reaches the Earth without scattering. As it is the only one with a known vector (solar vector), it can be concentrated using technological devices

Diffuse radiation

radiation that is scattered by the atmosphere and clouds

Solar PV

Directly converts solar energy to electricity

Solar PV

Absorbs 80% incident solar radiation but convert only small portion to electricity

Solar PV

Release excess heat during the operation

Solar Thermal

Harnessing solar energy for thermal applications – domestics, industries, hotels, hostpitals, leisure, etc.,

Solar Thermal

Use thermal energy for space heating, fluid and generate electricity

Solar Thermal

Has been accepted worldwide as solar thermal power

solar thermal collector

A _______ converts solar radiation into useful heat and its performance depends both on optical and thermal features.

Parabolic Trough Solar Thermal System

The troughs concentrate sunlight onto a receiver tube that is positioned along the focal line of the trough. Example: SEGS in California, with 936,384 mirrors

Central Tower Solar Thermal System

system takes advantage of numerous heliostats to reflect sunlight onto the surface of the high-temperature heat absorber on the top of the center tower.

Linear Fresnel Solar Thermal System

one-axis solar tracking device, with the parola divided into many small nearly flat mirrors with independent movement, simultaneously focusing the linear absorber located in optical focus. E :Murcia, Spain with 100MW/km2 land use

Parabolic Dish Solar Thermal System

heliostats with sunlight focused on the engine with a cavity receiver on the focal point. One of the most efficient solar electric technologies. Example: Arizona, US

Flat plate solar collectors

mostly used in heating water for showers. Example: small-scale than other examples, used in heating water in swimming pools and showers

Heliostats

two-axis tracking mirrors which concentrate solar radiation maintaining the reflected image at fixed position over the course of the day.

Solar photovoltaics advantage

Module manufacturing is being done in large plants, which allows for economies of scale, and it can be deployed in very small quantities at a time

Solar photovoltaics disadvantage

As PV generates power from sunlight, power output is limited to times when the sun is shining. However, a number of options (demand response, flexible generation, grid infrastructure, storage) exist to cost-effectively deal with this challenge.

Biomass Energy

- burning of wood, bark, branches, starchy roots, manure and other plant and animal materials to produce energy

Biomass Energy Conversion Process

Heat generated by burning biomass in a boiler is used to produce steam. This steam is used by a steam turbine which drivers a generator to produce electricity

Hydropower

- falling water produces energy which is harnessed as a valuable contribution to total energy supply.

Hydropower

To produce energy to power a country, dams are built. However, they can have unwanted social and environmental effects, such as drought to the other side of the dam, endangering freshwater biodiversity thus having impact in the fishing industry, and displacement of communities.

Wind energy

_____ comes from capturing kinetic energy using turbines to generate electricity, and can be onshore or offshore. In earlier times, windmills were used to pump water in farms and ranches.

Energy

_____ is the main driver of every nation’s economy, and what one chooses as their sources has global environmental and financial effects. This is why “most important questions in environmental science have some link to energy resources—from air pollution, climate change, and mining impacts, to technological innovations in alternative energy sources (Cunningham and Cunningham, 2012).”

Cunningham and Cunningham, 2012

Energy is the main driver of every nation’s economy, and what one chooses as their sources has global environmental and financial effects. This is why “most important questions in environmental science have some link to energy resources—from air pollution, climate change, and mining impacts, to technological innovations in alternative energy sources (_______).”

Energy Mix

● refers to how final energy consumption in a given geographical region breaks down by primary energy source.
● To meet its energy needs, each country uses the energy available to it, in different proportions.

● While it varies significantly from one country to another, globally fossil fuels account for over 80% of the energy mix.

composition of the energy mix depends on:

• The availability of usable resources on its territory or the possibility of importing them

• The extent and type of energy needs to be met

• Policy choices determined by historical, economic, social, demographic, environmental and geopolitical factors

Renewable Energy (RE) in the Philippines

• Hydropower

• Geothermal

• Biomass

• Solar, wind, ocean

• Biofuels – alcohol in diesel; jathropa

(i) insufficient fiscal and financial incentives; feed-in tariffs

(ii) absence of commercially viable market for RE systems; and,

(iii) relatively high cost of technology

Major constraints need to be addressed in pursuing RE in the Philippines:

Life Cycle of Energy Systems

help determine environmental burdens from cradle to grave

EPA (2017)

According to _____, green engineering is the “design, commercialization, and use of processes and products that minimize pollution, promote sustainability, and protect human health without sacrificing economic viability and efficiency.”

green engineering

According to EPA (2017), _____ is the “design, commercialization, and use of processes and products that minimize pollution, promote sustainability, and protect human health without sacrificing economic viability and efficiency.”

Principles of heat transfer

Heat can be transferred into or out of a system and work can be done on or by a system, but a system cannot contain or store heat or work.

Principles of heat transfer

The transfer of energy as heat is always from the higher-temperature medium to the lower- temperature one. Moreover, heat transfer stops when the 2 mediums reach the same temperature.

Conduction, Convection, Radiation

Three types of heat transfer:

Conduction

____ is the energy transfer from the more energetic particles to the adjacent less energetic ones, by direct contact

Convection

____ is the transfer between a solid surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion

Radiation

____ is the energy emitted in the form of magnetic waves

Thermal insulation

______ is one application of the reduction of heat transfer from one surface to another. Here, the heat or coldness of an object is being trapped using an insulating material.

Radiant insulation

_____ uses materials with low emissivity values (aluminum) to reduce radiant heat transfer. Like used in the gyms, radiant barriers are combined with convective (thermal) insulation for increased energy efficiency.

Standard insulation materials

______ are not as effective in reducing radiant heat transfer, which is the primary mode of heat transfer in buildings in the tropics. However, there are other ways to feel cooler inside a building. Aluminum foil under the roof prevents up to 97% of the radiant heat. Radiant barrier is a highly reflective, low emitting material installed at the underside surface of the roof deck. Other insulating materials are: rockwool, foam, laminated aluminum foil.

Thermal comfort

A subjective measure of comfortability of a person in terms of the thermal properties of the surroundings (ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55).

Humidity, Air Velocity, Clothing insulation, Metabolic Heat (activity), Air temperature, Radiant temperature (surfaces around)

Parameters of Thermal comfort

Lim, 2011

According to _____, the easiest way to achieve thermal comfort is to appropriate one's clothing to the surroundings. However, this will not always be achievable, especially in functions with dress codes. One tip is to loosen them up. In Japan, for example, “casual look” for working clothes replaced black suits and was backed up by their Environment Ministry to deal with the heat instead of using air conditioning(AC). It was projected to save 10% of the electricity bill.

Dr. Wimmer

In the Philippine setting, Zero Carbon Resorts Director _____, pointed out that we’ve been designing our houses to our maximum thermal comfort all along.

● Shading

● Reflection

● Insulation

To prevent heat, we can use any or all of the following:

● Ventilation

● Evaporation

● Heat sinks

To mitigate or reduce heat, we can use the following:

• Minimize solar heating of the buildings

• Maximize the rate of natural (passive) cooling

In designing house/building, one should:

Orientation of the main rooms and the openings

In building layout, you do not want your room to be facing west because this direction receives most of the sunlight, thus the heat. Windows should also face north and south. If this is unavoidable, make sure to use awnings or shading to your windows.

Size and details of openings and walls

In building layout, Windows facing east and west should be smaller than those facing north and south. They should also be placed to maximize the airflow at body level. Louvers are effective for directing airflow as well as keeping out direct sunlight. Window to wall ratio must be 10-30% in bedrooms and 20-30% in living rooms. Also, tint used in car windows can also be used in window buildings.

Provision of verandas and balconies

In building layout, These, with plants placed in the structure, can divert heat, thus lessening what will enter the room or building.

In building layout, The trend now in roofing is covering parts of it with vegetation, reducing the urban heat island effect (Sunlight hitting concrete surfaces produces hotter surroundings than when it hits vegetation, making one increase their AC electric consumption.

Zoning and space planning

In building layout, Wind direction and positioning of structures are important considerations in green engineering. For example, because it is not considered in Manila, thus the air coming from exhausts of vehicles is circulating in one area because the buildings are preventing it from escaping. Moreover, fresh air cannot easily pass through these structures, making the air more polluted.

Shading and Ventilation

Utilize wind from east, with openings facing north and south (sun protection)
•Minimize wall surface and windows on east and west side

•Extend balcony and trees, climbing plants on east and west side

• Hot air between roof and radiant barrier has to be removed

• Cooling by evaporation

• Fountains

Traditional passive cooling method:

Roof color

About 10% AC electricity savings can be achieved with proper roof color, i.e. use lighter colors such as white and cream.

Windows, Light shelves, Solar Tubes

Day lighting techniques

Energy Audit

systematic approach for decision-making in the area of energy management.

pre-audit, audit, and post-audit

Three phases of Energy Audit

• Plan and organize

• Walk-through audit

• Informal interviews with technical staff and supervisor

Audit

Phase where Primary data gathering happens

Post-Audit

Phase where Implementation and follow-up occur