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Organic agriculture
Crops are grown without using synthetic pesticides, synthetic inorganic fertilizers, or genetically engineered seeds
Industrialized Agriculture
Use synthetic inorganic fertilizers and sewage sludge to supply plant nutrients.
Food security
All or most people in a country have daily access to enough nutritious food to lead active and healthy lives
Food insecurity
Chronic hunger and poor nutrition is caused by poverty, political upheaval, war, corruption, and bad weather
Macronutrients
Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
Micronutrients
Vitamins and minerals
Famine
Drought, flooding, war, and other catastrophes
Overnutrition
Excess body fat from too many calories and not enough exercise
Plantation agriculture
cash crops (bananas, soybeans, sugarcane, etc). Primarily in less-developed countries
Hydroponics
growing plants in nutrient-rich water solutions rather than soil
Traditional subsistence agriculture
Human labor and draft animals for family food
Traditional intensive agriculture
Higher yields through the use of manure and water
Polyculture
Benefits over monoculture
Slash-and-burn agriculture
Subsistence agriculture in tropical forests. Clear and burn a small plot. Grow many crops and reduce soil erosion. Less need for fertilizer and water
O horizon
leaf litter
A horizon
topsoil
B horizon
subsoil
C horizon
parent material, often bedrock
Green Revolution
increase crop yields
Second Green Revolution
Fast-growing dwarf varieties
Salinization
Gradual accumulation of salts in the soil from irrigation water
Waterlogging
Irrigation water gradually raises the water table
First-generation pesticides
Borrowed from plant
Second-generation pesticides
Lab-produced products such as DDT and others
David Pimentel
Pesticide use has not reduced U.S. crop loss to pests
Integrated pest management (IPM)
Chemical tools to reduce crop damage to an economically tolerable level. Reduces pollution and pesticide costs
Note 
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