hist 100 terms for final

popular sovereignty

who: rooted in enlightenment thinkers (Rousseau, Locke, Hobbes)

what: principle that political power comes from the people; tied to the idea of nation (a group of people with shared language, culture, and history)

when: 18th century

where: Europe (France), american colonies/ United States

significance: gave rise to the idea of the nation state - placed power in the hands of citizens rather than kings or rulers; ideas fueled the American and French Revolution

proclamation of 1763

who: issued by king George III of Great Britain

what: proclaimed that colonists could not settle on territory that belonged to native Americans; created a boundary line to reserve western lands for native Americans

when: 1763 after seven years war ended

where: land west of Appalachian mountains

significance: attempt to stabilize relations with African Americans; led to American revolution; asserted British control over western lands

social contract

who: John locke

what: idea that people agree to form a government that protects their rights and maintains order and in return the people agree to obey laws of government; if the government fails to protect the peoples rights the people have the right to change or overthrow it

when: 17th and 18th centuries

where: Europe, France, England, and later American colonies

significance: foundation of democracy (governments get their authority from the people); empowered citizens - people have natural rights and a government must protect those rights

industrial revolution

who: James Watt (steam engine) and Eli Whitney (cotton gin)

what: shift from handmade goods to machine powered manufacturing

when: first was 1760s to 1840s; second was 1850-early 1900s

where: began in Great Britain; spread to western Europe and US

significance: increase in production - machines made goods faster, cheaper, and in large quantities transforming economies from agriculture based to industrial, rise of urbanization - people moved from rural areas to cities for factory work

abolition

who: individuals who fought against slavery

what: legal termination of the institution of slavery/ complete end to slavery; aimed to abolish slave trade and system of slavery

when: 1804-1888

where: United States and Britain

significance: ended slavery in the United States; expanded ideas of human rights and equality

emancipation

who: benefited enslaved african americans

what: process of freeing enslaved people

when: 1800s to 1900s

where: United States

significance: reconstruction of amendments (13th); weakened the confederacy as enslaved people left plantations and joined union army

wahhabism

who: Muhammad ibn abd al wahhab

what: reform movement within sunni islam about absolute oneness of Allah and a return to the pure islam of Muhammad

when: early 18th century

where: Saudi Arabia

significance: shaped religious policy, laws, and gender norms in muslim communities

mfecane movement

who: Shaka Zulu

what: African political revolts that provoked to rise against Europeans who were trying to expand and colonize Africa

when: 1821-1840

where: Southern Africa

significance: competition increased as British colonizers arrived and dutch settlers aimed to maintain control

Taiping Rebellion

who: Hong Xiuquan

what: rebellion by followers of Hong Xiuquan against the Qing government over the economic and social turmoil caused by opium wars

when: 1850-1864

where: southern and central china

significance: considered the bloodiest civil war - 20 to 30 million people died; weakened the Qing Dynasty and contributed to the fall of the Qing

Easter rising

who: Irish nationalists seeking independence from Britain

what: armed insurrection by Irish republicans against the British with the goal of establishing an independent republic

when: April 24-29, 1916

significance: led to Irish war for independence

east India company

who: British trading corporation founded by London merchants

what: British stock joint company to trade in Indian Ocean region; began by trading spices, textiles, and goods but took control of India through military conquest

when: 1600-1859

where: South Asia

significance: established British rule in India

cholera pandemic

who: John Snow studied and traced the pandemics spread

what: caused by eating and drinking unclean water and food

when: 1817-1896

where: India, Britain, Russia, US, Jamaica, Japan

significance: pandemics brought forward conversation about government’s role in sanitation and public health

chartism

who: working class men in Britain

what: mass democratic movement in Great Britain that called for six points - universal male suffrage, voting by secret ballot, parliamentary elections every year rather than once every five years, constituencies of equal size, pay members of parliament (MPs), and abolish the requirement for MPs to own property

when: 1834-1848

where: United Kingdom

significance: first mass working class political movement; helped establish the idea that the working class deserved political representation

nationalism

who: people who share a common identity (language, culture, religion)

what: political ideology that holds that a sovereignty of states should be defined by a nationality; each ethnicity has a right to its own state

when: emerged in late 18th to early 19th century

where: Europe and spread worldwide

significance: helped create modern nation states like Germany and Italy; contributed to tensions leading to WWI

manifest destiny

who: white American settlers

what: belief that it was God’s will for the American people to expand their territory westward across North American continent

when: most influential during 1840s-1860s

where: United States

significance: justified expansion of the United States across North America; spread American culture and ideals

ghost dance

who: indigenous peoples in North America

what: ritual formed by indigenous peoples in North American in the hope of restoring the world to precolonial conditions; combined elements of christianity and traditional Native American practices and served as a nonviolent form of resistance

when: founded in 1889

where: North America

significance: offered hope and resilience to Native Americans; promoted a future world free of white settlers

imperialism

involved one country extending its power and influence over another (internal); occurs when a nation seeks to extend its influence beyond its borders through diplomatic or indirect means; driven by the ambition to control resources, trade routes, and strategic territories without direct governance

colonialism

occurs when a foreign power directly controls and governs a territory or people outside its borders, establishing colonies; involved the settlement of citizens in the new territory

battle of adwa

who: Menelik II of Ethiopia

what: military victory of Ethiopia over Italy; fought to resist Italian colonization

when: 1896

where: Ethiopia

significance: Ethiopians defeated the Italians leaving Ethiopia as one of only two african states that managed to preserve their independence from europeans; Ethiopias success is seen as a major victory against European colonialism and imperialism during “Scramble for Africa;” made Ethiopia a symbol of resistance and freedom for Black people

meiji restoration

who: emperor meiji

what: reign of the Meiji emperor characterized by a nationalist identity; economic advances, and political transformation of Japanese society

social darwinism

who: Charles Darwin

what: took Charles Darwin’s ideas about animals and applied them to humans and justified the right of ruling classes or countries to dominate the weak

when: late 19th century

where: Britain and the United States

significance: justified imperialism and the domination of groups of people; cited ideas of “survival of the fittest”

serfdom

who: serfs

what: peasant bondage; peasants farmed the land and paid fees to be protected and governed by lord under a system of rule called manorialism

when: 19th century

significance: foundation of social hierarchy and reinforced class systems; nobles and monarchs relied on labor for agriculture

Odessa pogroms

who: Jewish communities

what: series of anti-Jewish programs involving murder, assault, and terror against Jewish residents

when: 1821, 1849, 1859, 1871, 1881, 1900, 1905

where: Odessa (port city and commercial hub in Russia)

significance: contributed to mass migration of Jews out of eastern Europe

first Sino Japanese war

who: Qing dynasty china

what: a war fought over control and influence in Korea; Japan and China both claim influence there

when: 1894-1895

where: Korea

significance: Japan won and forced China to cede Taiwan; china recognized Korean independence placing Korea under Japan influence

march first movement

who: korean activists, students, and religious leaders

that: nonviolent independence movement protesting Japanese colonial rule; protestors read and spread the Korea declaration of independence and organized peaceful demonstrations

when: March 1, 1919

where: korean peninsula

significance: over 1 million Koreans participated and it was one of the largest anti-colonial movements under Japanese rule; thousands of Koreans were killed as Japan violently suppressed

boxer rebellion/uprising

who: boxers (Chinese secret society composed of peasants and anti foreign activists)

what: violent, anti foreign, anti christian uprising aimed at expelling western influence from china

when: 1899-1901

where: northern china

significance: after boxer and Qing defeat, the foreigners forced the Qing to sign the boxer protocol which required the Qing to pay compensation in gold for damage to foreign life and property

anglo boer war

who: British empire and black africans

what: war fought between the British and afrikaners due to discovery of gold

when: 1899-1902

where: Southern Africa

significance: British developed concentration camps got more than 155,000 Afrikaners/africans and put them into camps where thousands died

maji maji revolt/uprising

who: african communities

what: Swahili insurrection against German colonialists and German policies like cotton cultivation, labor demands, and taxation; inspired by the belief that those who were anointed with specially blessed water would be immune to bullets

when: 1905-1907

where: German East Africa

significance: resulted in 200,000 to 300,000 African deaths; became a symbol of African resistance to European imperialism

monroe doctrine

who: James Monroe

what: US foreign policy declaring that the western hemisphere was no longer open to European colonization, the US would view any European interference in americas as a threat, and US would not interfere in European affairs

when: 1823

where: western hemisphere

significance: established western hemisphere as a sphere of influence; step toward american independence

spanish american war

who: United States and Spain

what: war between United States and Spain; ended with a treaty in which the United States took over the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico; Cuba won partial independence

when: 1898

where: Cuba, Philipines, Puerto Rico, Guam

significance: signaled the emergence of the US; more than 60,000 Spanish soldiers died in battle or from disease; US victory and treaty of Paris

mexican revolution

who: mexican revolutionaries

what: conflict fueled by the unequal distribution of land and workers; it erupted when political elites split over the succession of general Diaz after decade of his rule

when: 1910-1920

where: Mexico

significance: lasted over 10 years and over 1 million people died; ended with widespread reforms and a new constitution; ended General Diaz dictatorship

Sarajevo assassination

who: Franz Ferdinand

what: the assassination of of Franz Ferdinand and his wife by Gavnio Princip, a member of the Black Hand gang (group of Serbian nationalists)

when: June 28, 1914

where: Sarajevo

significance: served as the immediate trigger for WWI by activating European alliances

July crisis

who: Austria Hungary, Serbia, germany

what: military crisis following the assassination of Franz Ferdinand; Austria Hungary issued a harsh ultimatum to Serbia demanding severe concessions; Serbia accepted most but not all demands so Austria Hungary declared war

when: July 1914

where: Europe

significance: led to WWI

attrition/trench warfare

what: style of warfare where soldiers dig networks of trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire; used during WWI

significance: created harsh living conditions and carried disease; contributed to development of new military technologies

League of Nations

what: organization founded after WWI to solve international disputes through arbitration

significance: largely unsuccessful and did not stop wars from happening; assets were transferred to the United Nations

Versailles treaties

who: allied powers (France, Britain, US, Italy) and Germany

what: peace treaty that ended WWI between Germany and allied powers

when: 1919

where: Versailles, France

significance: Germany forced to pay reparations and disarm; Germany lost territories; contributed to the rise of Nazi party leading to WWII

bolsheviks

who: Russian communist party supported by radical soldiers and factory workers

what: advocated the destruction of capitalist political and economic institutions and seized power in Russia when Russian empire collapsed

when: 1917

where: Russia

significance: began the Russian Revolution; established the first communist state that later became the Soviet Union

fascism

who: Benito Mussolini (Italy) and Adolf Hitler (Germany)

what: mass political movement that emphasized anti liberal and anti socialist

when: after WWI

where: Italy and Germany

significance: contributed to WWII and Holocaust in Germany

second italo Ethiopian war

who: italy and Ethiopia

what: a war of aggression and conquest in which fascist Italy invaded Ethiopia to expand its colonial empire

when: October 1935-may 1936

where: ethiopia

significance: Italy successfully annexed Ethiopia

new deal

who: Franklin D Roosevelt (FDR)

what: government programs to provide relief for unemployed, promote economic recovery, and reform financial system to combat great depression

when: 1930s

where: United States

significance: provided relief to millions suffering from Great Depression; helped stabilize banking system and restore confidence in economy

nazism

who: adolf hitler

what: ideology associated with Adolf hitler and nazis that emphasized extreme German nationalism, racial hierarchy, and anti communism

when: 1920s-1945

where: Germany

significance: led to WWII, the holocaust, and deaths of millions of civilians and soldiers

axis powers

who: Germany. Japan, and Italy

what: sought to expand territory through militarism, authoritarianism, and aggressive conquest during WWII

significance: caused widespread destruction, promoted fascism and militarism, and initiated the Holocaust

allied powers

who: France, Britain, Soviet Union, and eventually US and Italy

what: formed to fight and defeat axis powers; wanted to stop fascist expansion, defend invaded territories, and restore international peace

significance: defeated the axis powers ending fascist expansion; stopped genocide including nazi concentration camps and ending holocaust; led to Cold War due to tensions between US and Soviet Union after victory

Germany, Japan, Italy

axis powers during WWII

France, Britain, Soviet Union, US, Italy

allied powers during WWII

appeasement

who: policy of Britain and France toward Germany

what: diplomatic strategy of making concessions to an aggressive power to avoid conflict

when: 1930s

significance: failed to prevent WWII

Kristallnacht

who: Jews and Nazi Germany

what: state organized anti Jewish pogrom invoking destruction of Jewish businesses, attacks on synagogues, vandalism and burning of homes and schools, and Jews sent to concentration camps

when: November 1938

where: Nazi Germany

significance: marked a shift from economic and social discrimination to organized state supported violence; signalized Jews were no longer safe in Nazi controlled territories

Holocaust

who: nazi party members and jews

what: racial extermination by the Nazis of Jews along with other groups the nazis considered inferior (gypsies, Jehovah witnesses, gay people, people with mental illness); involved concentration and extermination camos

when: 1933-1945

where: Nazi Germany

significance: nazis killed around 6 million jewish people

killing centers

who: nazi germany and jews

what: built by nazis to murder human being en masse; largest was Auschwitz Birkenau; killed using gas chambers and crematoria

when: first was established in December 1941

where: Nazi occupied Poland

significance: million of Jews were murdered

lodz ghetto

who: Jewish and Nazi germany

what: second largest ghetto during WWII; a major forced labor center; germans forced more than 150,000 into a small area

when: WWII

where: lodz (major industrial city in German occupied Poland)

significance: longest lasting ghetto in nazi occupied Europe; more than 75,000 were deported to killing centers

Pearl Harbor

who: Japanese navy and United States

what: surprise military attack by Japan on US naval base at Pearl Harbor

when: December 1941

where: pear harbor in Hawaii

significance: brought the US into WWII and led Germany and Italy to declare war on US; battle was not successful and US came out neutral; killed thousands of Americans

internment camps

who: Japanese Americans and US government

what: forcible relocation and incarceration centers where Japanese Americans were detained

where: United States

significance: demonstrates how racial prejudice and discrimination lead to violations of civil liberties; estimated loss of Japanese property due to relocation was about $400 million

United Nations

who: United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, China, France

what: international organization created to promote peace and security; encouraged cooperation among nations and protect human rights

when: 1945

where: headquarters in NYC
significance: more successful than League of Nations in WWI; created a permanent platform for resolving international conflict peacefully

United States, United Kingdom, Soviet Union, China, France

who was part of the United Nations?

Cold War

who: United States and Soviet Union

what: ideological battle of capitalism vs communism; ideological rivalry in which the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe opposed the United States and Western Europe; no direct military conflict

when: 1947-1991

significance: divided the world into two ideologies; nuclear weapons became central to global security

North Atlantic treaty organization (NATO)

who: US, Canada, and Western European nations

what: military alliance formed to provide security and protection against soviet expansion during cold war

when: formed in 1949

where: North America and Europe

significance: US joining marked the first time in history US pledged to go to war (wanted to assert influence and make sure new nations were becoming democratic

Warsaw pact

who: Soviet Union and eastern europe

what: military alliance in response to NATO

when: formed in 1955

where: eastern europe

significance: emphasized east-west divide during Cold War

decolonization

who: colonized people across Africa, Asia, Middle East, Carribean, and Pacific who demand independence from European imperial powers

what: process by which European empires took down their colonial rule, allowing colonized nations to achieve political independence and self governance

when: 20th century

where: South

significance: end of european global empires; led to creation of new sovereign states; contributed to Cold War as new nations aligned or resisted US or USSR

student protests of the 1960s

who: college and university students

what: series of protests led by university students around the world challenging political, social, and cultural systems

when: 1960s

significance: brought new voices into public life and pushed for greater democratic participation; expanded civil rights, women’s rights, free speech, and academic freedom

globalization

what: development of integrated economic and political structures; process of integrating interconnectedness and interdependence among countries and people

significance: increased economic growth; more access to goods and technology; spread of ideas and cultures

apartheid

who: national party government of South Africa (white africans) and black south africans

what: racial segregation policy of the Afrikaner dominated South African government

when: 1948-1994

where: South Africa

significance: created social, economic, and political inequalities that still affect South Africa today

intermediate range nuclear forces (INF) agreement

who: United States and Soviet Unio

what: landmark arms control agreement between US and USSR that eliminated all land based ballistic and cruise missiles

when: 1980s

where: signed in Washington DC
significance: turning point in US-Soviet relations - helped improve relations; eliminated entire class of nuclear weapons

Y2K bug

who: computer programmers, governments, businesses, general public

what: computer flaw caused by older software using two digits to represent years

when: 1990s to 2000

where: global

significance: massive worldwide testing and updated costing an estimated hundred of billions of dollars for prevention

Thomas Jefferson

(1743-1826): 3rd president of the United States; drafted the Declaration of Independence; believed in ideas of universal laws but owned slaves

King Louis XVI

last king of France before the French Revolution; paved the way for revolution; married to Marie Antoinette

Toussaint Louverture

led the Haitian Revolution

Mary Wollstonecraft

(1759-1797): wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Woman in 1792; feminist writer of enlightenment era

Olympe de Gouges

(1748-1793): wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Women and the Female Citizen in 1791 that highlighted the idea of universality was not embraced in reality and women weren’t represented in this new government

Abigail Adams

married to John Adams (second president); asked the founding fathers to “remember the ladies'“ in their laws

Jean Jacques Dessalines

(1758-1806): drafted the Haitian declaration of independence; first ruler of independent Haiti

Napoleon Bonaparte

(1769-1821): French military leader who rose from the French Revolution to become emperor of France; developed the napoleonic code

Shaka

(1787-1828): tried to unite people to have a strong front against europeans; brutal leader and used terror to intimidate his enemies

Tenskwatawa

native American religious leader and prophet who inspired indigenous resistance to US expansion in the early 1800s

Roger Casement

(1864-1916): British diplomat under the Colonial and Foreign Offices; one of the leaders of the Easter Rising; murdered for treason against Britain (“Black Diaries”)

John Snow

(1813-1858): studied and traced the spread of cholera in an effort to find the source of the disease

Menelik II

(1844-1913): led his army in a successful battle against the Italians in Battle of Adwa; had good leadership and was very strategic - ended up being able to amass weapons by engaging in trade in the Red Sea ports (was trading ivory); engaged in a lot of secrecy

Mutsuhito

(1852-1912): the Meiji emperor

Empress Dowager Cixi

powerful political figure in china during Qing dynasty

Leopold II

(1835-1909): king of the Belgians; admired colonialism and known for his rule over the Congo Free State

Queen Liliuokalani

last reigning monarch of Hawaii

Emily Davison

(1872-1913): an English suffragette; in 1913 she ran in front of the house in King George V in an attempt to bring awareness to the women’s suffrage movement in the UK

Frances Ellen Watkins Harper

(1825-1911) an African American suffragette, abolitionist, and civil rights activist; travelled around the US giving lectures and published “The Two Offers”

Komako Kimura

(1887-1980: a Japanese Suffragette and pioneering feminist; she was inspired by Suffrage Movements in the United States and Europe; she helped found the True New Woman’s Association and published a magazine that promoted women’s rights

Funmilayo Ransome Kuti

(1900-1978): nigerian suffragette, feminist, anti imperialist, and pan africanist; she advocated for Nigeria’s independence from Britain and Nigerian women’s right to vote; she travelled to many countries across Africa, Europe, and Asia to share her ideas and advocate for human rights

Vera Brittain

(1893-1970): English nurse and author; enrolled in a university during the war but left to serve as a nurse in the war

Mustafa Kemal

(1881-1938): father and president of the turks

Joseph Stalin

(1878-1953): leader of the Soviet Union; defied revolutionary socialism in opposition to capitalism

Ala Gertner

jewish resistance fighter and one of the few women publicly executed by the Nazis at auschwitz

Elie Wiesel

(1928-2016): holocaust survivor who later migrated to the United States; published a memoir called “Night”

Mohandas Gandi

(1869-1948): known for his stance regarding non violent resistance; believed that the British would hav to eventually leave Indian if they used non violence

Mao Zedong

(1893-1976): solidified his leadership of the communist party with his efforts during the long march; founder of the people’s republic of china

Patrice Lumumba

(1925-1961): the only democratically elected prime minister of Congo; he wanted all Congolese to be united as a people

Nelson Mandela

(1918-2013): Africa’s first black president; known as an advocate for peace and social justice globally