FMR - Carpet (ppt w/ pics)

carpet

general designation for a fabric used as floor covering

carpets or carpeting

incorrect plural form of carpet

carpet

the preferred term used for both singular and plural form

carpeted floors

used as an adjective term

3 basic forms

rug

sheet carpet

carpet tiles

rug

• soft floor covering laid on the floor but not fastened to it

• does not cover the entire floor

sheet carpet

• come in big sizes

• can cover an entire space and fastened to the floor

carpet tiles

• an individual piece of carpet

• typically 19–20 inches square

• applied to the floor with pressure-sensitive adhesive

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Considerations in the selection of a carpet

• beauty or aesthetic appeal

• comfort

• sound absorption and quietness

• warmth

• tractive safety

• durability

• maintenance

• flame resistance

• dirt retention

• textural varieties

• room size

• traffic

• furniture style

• lighting

• color

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beauty or aesthetic appeal

immense choice in colors, texture, and design

comfort

reduces floor fatigue

sound absorption and quietness

carpets and rugs provide valuable interior acoustic quality

airborne sound absorption

the sound is defined as noise that radiates directly from machines, voices, radios, and other sources

impact noise reduction or impact insulation class

result of objects having impact on structural surface of the building

ex. footsteps from the floor above or furniture being dragged across the floor

surface noise reduction

generated within the same room by objects scraping against the surface of a desk or the floor

warmth

efficient insulator against cold

tractive safety

minimizes chances of slipping due to friction caused by carpet

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When choosing a carpet,

• choose color first (warm or cool colors)

• choose texture (loop or cut pile)

• choose desirable quality (strength of fiber, density of the construction, amount of traffic involved)

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wool

• premium carpet fiber

• strong, durable, yet feels soft and comes in beautiful colors

• cleans well and is naturally stain- and soil-resistant

• much more expensive than synthetic fibers

new zealand wool

• wool that absorbs dye easily

• colors with great clarity and uniformity

• staple is lustrous and tough

• color is almost white

New Zealand

world’s largest producer of crossbred (strong wool)

crossbred

• has strong wool, ideal for carpeting

• ex. romney and Drysdale breeds

Argentinian wool

• noted for its gloss and sheen and its natural resistance to soiling

• not as white as New Zealand wool

indian wool

crush resistant wool

iraqi wool

• among the most luxurious and costly of wool

• high abrasion resistance and durability

scottish wool

• Scottish back face sheep bear finest of a carpet wool

• high abrasion resistance and durability

jute

• natural fiber with soft, silky luster

• best suited to areas of the house such as sitting rooms and bedrooms rather than the more heavily used areas such as halls and passageways

• very versatile, adaptable yarn that can also be mixed with wool and linen, enabling more color variations

abaca

• worldwide known as manila hemp

• obtained from the leafsheath of the abaca

• the length of the fibers varies from three to nine feet or more, depending on the height of the plant and the age of the leafsheath

• color ranges from ivory white to light and dark brown

sea grass

• grass and sea water play a part in its production

• after harvesting and drying, it is spun into strong yarns

• suitable for weaving

sisal

• agave sisilana species belonging to the cactus family

• consists of a rosette of sword-shaped leaves about 1.5-2 meters tall

maize

a natural fiber made from corn husks

coir

• a natural fiber

• course fiber extracted from the fibrous outer shell of a coconut

• generally spun to make yarn that is used in mats or ropes

cotton

• natural fiber; soft fiber that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant

• has limited durability, is inexpensive, and is often used for informal areas or scatter rugs

nylon

• synthetic fiber

• can be printed and has excellent wear quality

• tends to stain easily because it possesses dye sites on the fiber

acrylic

• synthetic fiber

• lightweight, soft, and warm, with wool-like feel

• has outstanding wickability and quick drying

• resistant to moths, oil, and chemicals

• dyeable to bright shades with excellent resistance to sunlight degradation

• has moderate abrasion resistance but has more wool-like appearance compared to nylon

modacrylic

• synthetic fiber

• soft, resilient, easy to dye bright shades, abrasion resistant, quick drying

• resistant to acid and alkalis and shape-retentive

• can produce natural fur when mixed

polyester

• synthetic fiber

• offers excellent color clarity and retention

• extreme fade resistance

• provides excellent resistance to stains

olefins

• synthetic fiber

• used to introduce carpet yarns because it is cheap

• is difficult and does not wear well as wool

• resists static electricity

ppt polymer/sorona

• synthetic fiber

• makes fiber more crush-resistant, resilient, and easy to clean

• dry quickly and resistant to mold

PLA - poly lactic acid polymer

• synthetic fibers

• biodegradable fabric

alr

type “alr”

ror

type “ror”

blends

• combination of two or more fibers into a single carpet yarn

• ex. 70% wool and 30% nylon for more benefits

• its objective are performance standards, improved economics, and better aesthetics due to prolonged durability of the carpet

dyeing

process of coloring materials

pre-dyed

dye stuffs are added to the fibers or yarn PRIOR to the tufting process

post-dyed

yarn was undyed when tufted and then the unfinished carpet is dyed

pre-spinning

solution dyeing

raw stock dyeing

fibers are dyed before spinning

skein or yarn dyeing

• the yarn is dyed, then made into carpet

• very color fast, fade resistant, and keeps side-match problems to a minimum

solution dyeing

pigment is added to the molten polymer before extrusion into a colored filament

filament is impregnated with the color pigment throughout

only way to dye olefins

piece dyeing

• carpet is dyed in one piece after tufting or weaving

• before finishing process like latexing and foaming

kuster dyeing

running the carpet along a conveyor belt under a row of jets that apply computer-controlled color

jet-beck

• carpet and dye are placed in a vat, then placed under pressure

• does not take long for the dye to penetrate the fibers

atmospheric or beck dyeing

• placing the carpet in a giant vat of hot dye and cooking it for a few hours

• puts color evenly throughout the carpet and is the best way to eliminate side-match problems

• cost a little more because they take longer to make

cross dyeing

dyeing fabrics with dyestuffs which have different affinities for different types of yarn

space-dyeing

different colors are “printed” along the length of yarn before it is manufactured into the carpet

print-dyeing

• roller printing employing embossed cylinders to deposit the design on the face of the carpet

• several rollers with different colors, producing multi-colored patterns

• employs flat templates/screens through which dyes are forced on the carpet pile

• each color requires different screens

random multicolor dyeing

• achieved with a random dye applicator or a tak random pattern machine

• the tak machine disperses regulated amounts of dye on the carpet already

fade

Fade Resistance

When specifying a carpet that will be exposed to direct sunlight, it is important to require that a test be performed to determine the colorfastness under the following conditions:

1. intense sunlight

2. atmospheric fading

3. wet cleaning

4. abrasion fading

type “fade”

weaving

• traditional way of making a carpet by interlacing warp and weft

• pile and the backing are woven simultaneously.

• producing a very attractive, durable carpet, most expensive manufacturing carpet by machine

• many colored yarns are used

• capable of producing intricate patterns from pre-determined designs

wilton carpet

produced on jacquard loom that was developed in England

uses preprogrammed pattern cards that are perforated and used to regulate the feeding of the colored yarn into the carpet surface that allow complex pattern to be woven to the carpet, allowing several types of surface textures, from level cut pile to multilevel loop construction with limited ranges of color

axminster

requires a very sophisticated loom

entails long spools of various colored yarns carefully preset to the desired sequence and delivered to the weaving section of the loom at the precise moment in the pattern design sequence

changing patterns is very costly and time-consuming

has a smooth cut-pile surface and can be woven in limitless colors and patterns

heavy ribbed backing that only allows the carpet to be tolled lengthwise

velvets

• relatively uncomplicated loom

• available in many color combination and textures

• simplicity of the loom does not allow for patterned designs

• can have beautiful color combinations used to produce tweed effects that are frequently used in commercial installations

tufting

• pile yarn is punched through the premade backing with rows a of needles, like a sewing machine

• as the needle do through the backing, the yarn is caught and held while the needle makes the next pass

• loop of yarn can be left as for loop carpet or cut for cup-pile carpet

needle punching

• Fibers, usually acrylic or polypropylene, are punched into web of synthetic fiber to form a homogenized layer of fiber

• when put under heavy compression to form a characteristic felt-like fabric

• it produces a carpet of limited variation in texture and accounts for a very small percentage

kniting

• uses 3 sets of needles to loop together the pile backing yarn and the stitching yarns

• similar to woven carpet because pile and backing are make in a single operation

• superior to tufting in durability

• inferior to weaving

fusion bonding

• embeds the pile yarn in backing of liquid vinyl

• when vinyl hardens the bond is permanently locked

• used for carpet tile

flocked

• short fibers are stood one end electrostatically and adhered to a backing

• surface resembles cut-pile velvets

• pattern may be printed on flocked carpet

• an economy construction producing carpet of interior wearing qualities

felted

matting of fibers together with moisture heat and pressure

braided

fabric scraps or strands of yarn are braided and sewn together to desired shape and size

hooked

made by pulling lengths of yarn through a heavy canvas mesh and knotting them in the back

tufted carpet

made by inserting tufts of yarn into a primary backing

fast and inexpensive construction used for commercial purposes

tufted carpet

what is in the drawing/picture

fusion bonded carpets

• constructed in facing pairs with the pile embedded in the backing on each side

• then cut apart to create a cut pile

• used for heavy traffic, such as airport terminals

fusion bonded carpets

what is in the pic

needle punched

formed by hundreds of pointed needles punching through webs or blankets of fiber to mesh them together permanently

needle punched

what is in the pic

knitted

produced on a machine similar to that for textile knitting

they use more face yarn than tufting

knitted

what is this

woven carpets

• made on looms

• original construction method

• much slower and expensive process

• long wearing and most dimensionally stable than other types

velvet construction

what is this

wilton construction

wat is dis

axminster construction

wat is dis

density

the amount of pile packed into a given volume of carpet

measured in ounces of pile yarn per until volume

stitches or tufts

• per square inch

• number of tufts within 1 sq. inch (6.5 sq cm.) of carpet

• the more stitches per square inch, the more denser the carpet

gauge

• distance between rows or tufts across the width of a tufted carpet

• gauges of 5/64 inch, 1/10 inch and 1/8 inch are common for contract carpet

pitch (wrap)

• the method used to determine the density factor in woven carpet

• refers to the distance between rows and tufts

• counted on 27-inch width of a finished carpet

pile height

• important consideration in the overall evaluation of carpet construction

• distance from the top of the yarn to the backing

• when having a multilevel carpet, overall height is averaged

• lower pile height requires an increase in the stitches per inch

wire size

pile height in woven carpets

flat

0.0 in - 0.01 in

low

0.1 in - 0.25 in

medium

.0251 in - 0.5 in

high/plush

0.51 in +

yarn weight

expressed as count

indicates the fineness or coarseness of the finished yarn using two systems

woolen count

number of running yard in one ounce of finished yarn

applies to any yarn, whether woolen or not

ex. “2 ply 50” count indicates 50 yards of 2 ply yarn per ounce

denier count

makes use of metric measurements

It is the measurement of weight in grams of a standard 9,000-meter length of yarn

ex. 2,500-denier yarn means that yarn of 9,000 meters weighs 2,500 grams

ply

number of strands of single yarn plied or twisted together to form one pile yarn

broadloom

• carpet woven on a wide loom to prevent the need for seams

• measures 6-19 feet (1.8-5.7 meters)

• most common in the market are 12-13 feet in width

pile

upright end of the yarn, whether cup or looped, that from the wearing surface of the carpet of rugs

visible surface of the carpet consisting of yarn tufts in cut or loop

sometimes called “face” or “nap”

cut pile

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