Skeletal System

Skeletal System

Framework of bones, cartilage and ligaments

What are major functions of the skeletal System?

Support, Protect, Move, Store mineral salts, Blood cell production

Bone is an

Organ

What is bone composed of?

Bone tissue, cartilage, epithelial tissue, fibrous connective, blood vessels, and nervous tissue

Osteocytes

Large intercellar spaces separating mature cells

Matrix

Hard composite material (calcium phosphate)

Compact bones

Few gaps, 80% of bone mass, thicker, protection and support

Spongy Bone

Open porous network, lightens bone and provide space for marrow, covered by compact bone

Diaphysis

Long, main shaft ( compact bone)

Epiphysis

Expanded ends (spongy Bone)

Epiphyseal plate

Active plate of cartilage where bone growth occurs of lengthen bone

Articular cartilage

Hyaline cartilage covering epiphysis

Periosteum

Dense fibrous tissue covering surface of bone

Medullary cavity

Hollow chamber in shaft of bone filled with yellow marrow (fat)

Osteoblast

Forms bone matrix

Osteocyte

Maintains bone tissue

Osteoclast

Breakdown bone

Suture

Immovable joints between flat bones of the skull

Condyle

Rounded process of a bone; usually forming a joint

Process

Projection from a bone; usually the site of tendon or ligament attachment

Foramen

An opening in a bone ( allows blood vessels and nerves to pass

Complete

Bone is broken all the way through

Incomplete

Bone cracks doesn't break

Open compound

Broken bone pierces through skin

Closed simple

Phone broken doesn't break through skin

Green stick

Bone bends and cracks

Transverse

Bone breaks straight across

Oblique

Bone brakes diagonally

Comminuted

Bone broken into many pieces

Pathologic

Bone breaks because of disease

Impact compression

Bone ends are forced together

Spiral

Break that twist around bone due to rotating force

Stress

Small crack from force or overuse

Hairline

Thin minor break

Avulsion

Bone is pulled off by tendon or ligament

Salter-Hartis

Growth plate fracture

Colles’

Wrist fracture

Pott’s

Ankle fracture

Osteogenesis

Process of bone formation

What are the two types of osteogenesis?

Intramembranous ostification and endochondral ostification

Intramembranous ossification

Forms flat bones

Endochondral ossification

Begins as a model of a hyaline cartilage

Primary ossification

compact bones formed in rings around blood vessels and under under periosteum (Begins before birth)

Secondary ossification

Spongy bone in epiphysis starts in middle works outward (Begins after birth)

Bone remodeling

Replace old bone with new, throughout life in response to stimulus

What are some reasons bone remodeling might happen?

Response to stress

Repair a fracture

Need for calcium

What are metabolic needs for calcium?

Nerve impulse conduction

Muscle contraction

Blood clotting

What percent does bone remodeling in adults happen per year?

10%

What are some bone growth and repair factors?

Having calcium and phosphorus

Vitamins ACD

Balance of hormones

Why are vitamins important for bones?

Important for proper absorption and utilization of CA and P

Growth hormone

Promotes osteoblast activity which affects the length of mass of Bones

Calcitonin

Inhibits osteodast activity

Parathyroid

Stimulates osteoclast activity

Sex hormones

Promote bone growth

What is the bone repair process?

Formation of blood clots

Fibrocartilage callus forms

Bony callus forms (Spongy Bone)

Bone remodeling (Compact Bone)

Rickets

Vitamin D deficiency in children

What does rickets look like?

Bones soften; bend under weight

Osteonecrosis

No blood supply, bone tissue dies

How does osteonecrosis happen?

Trauma to bone that disrupts blood flow, and steroid or alcohol abuse

Osteoporosis

Decrease is bone mass/bone brittle

What cause osteoporosis?

Low CA and vit D, malabsorption, inactivity, smoking, drinking, and caffeine

When does osteoporosis happen?

Middle age to elderly, white females, after menopause

Osteomyelitis

Infection of bone

What does osteomyelitis do?

Reach bone by blood, fracture, sinus infection, and destroys bone and joints

Osteosarcoma

Malignant bone tumor

Where does osteosarcoma happen?

Ends of long bones

How is osteosarcoma treated?

With radiation amputation chemotherapy drugs

Scoliosis

Side to side curb of the spine

What does scoliosis cause?

Imbalance and strain on body

How to treat scoliosis?

Brace or exercise to treat mild cases Metal rot insertion or surgery to treat severe cases

Who is scoliosis most common in?

Girls ages 10 to 15 years

Sinuses

Cavities in skull bones that are lined with mucus membranes

Where do sinuses connects to?

Nasal passage

What are sinuses function?

Reduce weight of skull and increase voice intensity

Sinus infection

Clogging of the sinus opening and bacteria growth within

Joints

Junction where two or more bones come together

Immovable joints ( Fibrous)

Thin layer of dense connective tissue separate bones

Immovable joints example

Sutures of skull

Slightly moveable ( Cartilaginous)

Separated by disc of fibrocartilage or hyaline

Slightly moveable joint example

Between vertebrae and pubic bones

Freely moveable (Synovial)

Joint is held in place and stabilized by ligaments and muscles

Synovial cavity

Encases joint

Articular cartilage

Covers ends of bone

Synovial fluid

Lubricates joint

Bursea

Found in some joints

What does a bursea do?

Assist in movement if tendons over bones

Are the bursea do synovial cavity connected?

Yes

What are the 6 types of freely moveable joints?

Hinge, saddle, gliding, pivot, condyloid, ball and socket

Arthritis

Joint inflammation

Arthritis symptoms?

Pain stiffness and joint swelling

Spetic

Bacterial infection in synovial cavity

Osteoarthritis

cartilage wears out causing bone spurs

Rheumatoid

Immune system destroys cartilage

Gout

Uric acid buildup in joints

What does gout feel like

Needle like crystal in joint

Dislocation

Displacement of bone at joint with tearing or loosening of ligaments tendons or capsile

What are the most common dislocations?

Finger and shoulder

Sprain

Forcible wrenching or twisting of joint

What does a sprain damage?

Blood vessels, muscles and stretches tendons

What is the treatment for a sprain?

M.E.AT.