Anatomy final

Which of the following terms identifies the anatomical region found between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm?

a) Epicardium

b) Abdominal cavity

c) Pericardium

d) Mediastinum

e) Thoracic cavity

Which of the following terms identifies the anatomical region found between the lungs that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column and from the first rib to the diaphragm?

a) Epicardium

b) Abdominal cavity

c) Pericardium

d) Mediastinum

e) Thoracic cavity

d) Mediastinum

The membrane that surrounds and protects the heart is called the

a) pericardium.

b) pleura.

c) myocardium.

d) mediastinum.

e) endocardium.

a) pericardium

The apex of the heart is normally pointed

a) at the midline.

b) to the left of the midline.

c) to the right of the midline.

d) is different for males and females

e) posteriorly.

b) to the left of the midline.

Trauma to the pericardium associated with bleeding into the pericardial cavity, might cause

a) myocarditis

b) endocarditis

c) cardiac tamponade

d) rapid heart rate

e) none of these

c) cardiac tamponade

Which of the following is used to reduce friction between the layers of membranes surrounding the heart?

a) Synovial fluid

b) Endocardium

c) Pleural fluid

d) Pericardial fluid

e) Capillary endothelium

d) Pericardial fluid

The visceral layer of the serous pericardium is also considered to be the

a) epicardium

b) myocardium

c) endocardium

d) fibrous pericardium

e) None of the answer selections is correct

a) epicardium

Which layer of the heart wall consists of cardiac muscle tissue?

a) Epicardium

b) Pericardium

c) Myocardium

d) Endocardium

e) Hypocardium

c) Myocardium

A patient presents with a fever, heart murmur, irregular heartbeat, fatigue, loss of appetite and night sweats. As a physician, your diagnosis would be that of endocarditis typically caused by

a) a virus

b) an autoimmune condition

c) a bacterial infection

d) exposure to radiation

e) cancer

c) a bacterial infection

Cardiac tamponade may develop following a case of

a) myocarditis

b) endocarditis

c) palpitation

d) pericarditis

e) tachycardia

d) pericarditis

The coronary sulcus marks the external boundary between the ___ and the ___

superior atria & inferior ventricles

Pectinate muscles extend from the atrial internal wall into the pouch-like structures that increase the total filling capacity of the atrium. These structures are the

a) ventricles

b) coronary sulci

c) fossa ovalis

d) interatrial septa

e) auricles

e) auricles

Identify the groove found on the surface of the heart that marks the boundary between the right and left ventricles.

a) Coronary sulcus

b) Anterior interventricular sulcus

c) Posterior interventricular sulcus

d) Coronary sinus

e) Anterior intraventricular sulcus

b) Anterior interventricular sulcus

Identify the muscular ridges that are found on the anterior wall of the right atrium and extend into the auricles.

a) Pectinate muscles

b) Trabeculae carneae

c) Coronary sulci

d) Papillary muscles

e) Chordae tendinae

a) Pectinate muscles

Through which structure does blood pass from the right atrium to the right ventricle?

a) Bicuspid valve

b) Interventricular septum

c) Tricuspid valve

d) Mitral valve

e) Ascending aorta

c) Tricuspid valve

What type of tissue comprises the valves of the heart?

a) Dense connective tissue

b) Areolar connective tissue

c) Hyaline cartilage

d) Cardiac muscle tissue

e) Adipose tissue

a) Dense connective tissue

Blood leaving the left ventricle passes through which of the following structures?

a) Right atrium

b) Interventricular septum

c) Bicuspid valve

d) Aortic semilunar valve

e) Pulmonary semilunar valve

d) Aortic semilunar valve

Identify the structure found in a fetus that allows blood to flow directly from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta.

a) Fossa ovalis

b) Foramen ovale

c) Trabeculae carneae

d) Descending aorta

e) Ductus arteriosus

e) Ductus arteriosus

Contraction of the ventricles of the heart leads to blood moving directly

a) into arteries.

b) into capillaries.

c) into veins.

d) through an atrioventricular valve.

e) through the apex.

a) into arteries.

Contraction of the atria of the heart leads to blood moving directly

a) into auricles.

b) into arteries.

c) into veins

d) through atrioventricular valves

e) through semilunar valves.

d) through atrioventricular valves

Which valve below prevents blood from flowing back into the right ventricle?

a) Tricuspid valve

b) Bicuspid valve

c) Pulmonary semilunar valve

d) Aortic semilunar valve

e) Mitral valve

c) Pulmonary semilunar valve

Which of the following chambers of the heart contains deoxygenated blood?

a) Left atrium and left ventricle

b) Left atrium only

c) Right atrium and right ventricle

d) Right ventricle only

e) Left atrium and right ventricle

c) Right atrium and right ventricle

Which of the following blood vessels is used to distribute oxygenated blood to the myocardium?

a) Coronary artery

b) Coronary vein

c) Coronary sinus

d) Vena cava

e) Myocardial vein

a) Coronary artery

Cardiac muscle fibers are electrically connected to neighboring fibers by

a) desmosomes.

b) tight junctions.

c) gap junctions.

d) interneurons.

e) chordae tendinae.

c) gap junctions.

Which of the following types of muscle contains the largest number of mitochondria per cell?

a) Smooth muscle

b) Skeletal muscle

c) Cardiac muscle

d) All the muscle types contain approximately the same number.

e) Mitochondria are not found in muscle cells.

c) Cardiac muscle

Which network of specialized cardiac muscle fibers provides a path for each cycle of cardiac excitation to progress through the heart?

a) Systemic circuit

b) Intercalated discs

c) Cardiovascular center

d) Cardiac conduction system

e) Pulmonary circuit

d) Cardiac conduction system

In comparison to skeletal muscle fibers, the contractile fibers of the heart are depolarized for  [___] period of time.

a longer

Which of the following correctly lists the sequence of structures that a cardiac action potential follows in order to excite normal contraction of the heart?

a) Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, Atrioventricular (AV) node

b) Sinoatrial (SA) node, Purkinje fibers, AV node, Bundle of His

c) Purkinje fibers, AV node, SA node, Bundle of His

d) SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

e) Bundle of His, SA node, AV node, Purkinje fibers

d) SA node, AV node, Bundle of His, Purkinje fibers

The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle into the aorta each minute is called the

a) cardiac output.

b) cardiac input.

c) stroke volume.

d) heart rate.

e) pulse pressure.

a) cardiac output.

Which term refers to the period of time during a cardiac cycle when contraction of a chamber occurs and pressure within the chamber rises?

a) filling

b) systole

c) repolarization

d) diastole

e) fibrillation

b) systole

The period of atrial systole lasts about [dropdown 1] while the period of ventricular systole  lasts approximately [dropdown 2].

Answer 1: 0.1 second

Answer 2: 0.3 second

During which of the following periods does the largest volume of blood enter the arteries?

a) atrial diastole

b) ventricular diastole

c) atrial systole

d) ventricular systole

e) the volume is about the same during each period

d) ventricular systole

The second heart sound (dupp) closely follows which of the events listed below?

a) Valvular stenosis

b) Semilunar valves opening

c) Atrioventricular valves closing

d) Semilunar valves closing

e) Atrioventricular valves opening

d) Semilunar valves closing

Which of the following correctly describes ventricular ejection? Select all that apply.

a) occurs when semilunar valves are open

b) occurs when semilunar valves are closed

c) lasts for about 0.25 second

d) lasts for about 0.1 second

e) occurs when atrioventricular valves are open

f) occurs when atrioventricular valves are closed

A, C, F

Which structure in the heart initiates action potentials that stimulate contraction of the heart at a constant rate of about 100 beats per minute?

a) Cardiac accelerator nerves

b) Atrioventricular node

c) Cardiovascular center

d) Sinoatrial node

e) Bundle of His

d) Sinoatrial node

Stimulation of which nerve reduces heart rate?

a) Cardiac accelerator nerve

b) Hypoglossal nerve

c) Spinal accessory

d) Vagus nerve

e) Phrenic nerve

d) Vagus nerve

Which of the following would lead to a decreased heart rate?

a) Increased norepinephrine release

b) Increased thyroid hormone release

c) Increased potassium levels in plasma

d) Increased calcium levels in plasma

e) Increased sympathetic stimulation

c) Increased potassium levels in plasma

An increase in the carbon dioxide levels in the blood leads to a change in the chemical composition of the blood. This input would be received by which part of the brain that regulates heart rate?

a) Midbrain

b) Cerebrum

c) Medulla oblongata

d) Cerebellum

e) Thalamus

c) Medulla oblongata

Which wave in an electrocardiogram represents repolarization of the ventricles?

a) R wave

b) T wave

c) S wave

d) P wave

e) Q wave

b) T wave

Which of the following selections lists conditions that would lead to increased stroke volume?

a) increased preload, increased afterload, increased contractility

b) decreased preload, decreased afterload, decreased contractility

c) increased preload, decreased afterload, increased contractility

d) decreased preload, increased afterload, increased contractility

e) increased preload, increased afterload, decreased contractility

c) increased preload, decreased afterload, increased contractility

Which of the following electrocardiogram (ECG) waves represents atrial depolarization?

a) R wave

b) T wave

c) S wave

d) P wave

e) Q wave

d) P wave

Prior to physical activity, the heart rate may climb. This anticipatory increase is caused by  nerve impulses traveling to the cardiovascular center of the medulla oblongata that originate in  the

a) cerebral cortex

b) hypothalamus

c) baroreceptors

d) limbic system

e) proprioceptors

d) limbic system

The formula for calculating cardiac output (CO) is

a) heart rate multiplied by cardiac reserve

b) heart rate multiplied by end diastolic volume

c) heart rate multiplied by stroke volume

d) end diastolic volume multiplied by cardiac reserve

e) venous return multiplied by stroke volume

c) heart rate multiplied by stroke volume

Positive inotropic agents often promote inflow of which cation to increase contractility of the heart?

a) sodium

b) potassium

c) magnesium

d) phosphorus

e) calcium

e) calcium

In the diagram, where is the left auricle of the left atrium?

a) C

b) F

c) G

d) H

e) I

c) G

In the diagram, which labeled structure prevents blood flow from the right ventricle back into the right atrium?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) E

b) B

In the diagram, which labeled structure is the pulmonary semilunar valve?

a) B

b) D

c) E

d) A

e) C

d) A

In the diagram, which labeled structures are atrioventricular valves?

a) A and B

b) C and D

c) A and C

d) B and D

e) A, B, C and D

d) B and D

Which phases of a heartbeat shown in the diagram involve depolarization of any of the heart’s four chambers?

a) 1 and 3

b) 2 and 4

c) 4 and 6

d) 1, 3, and 5

e) 1 and 5

a) 1 and 3

Which of the labeled diagrams shows coarctation of the aorta?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) E

a) A

Which of the labeled diagrams shows an atrial septal defect?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) E

c) C

Which of the labeled steps in the diagram represents formation of the primitive heart tube?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) E

c) C

Which of the labeled steps in the diagram represents formation of the endocardial tubes?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) E

b) B

Which week of fetal development might be considered the stage of development of the heart with the chambers as they will be oriented for the rest of the individual’s life?

a) fourth

b) fifth

c) sixth

d) seventh

e) eighth

a) fourth

Which labeled structure shown in the diagram is a remnant of fetal circulation that is not directly involved in adult circulation?

a) A

b) B

c) H

d) D

e) E

d) D

Which labeled blood vessel in the diagram is an artery carrying deoxygenated blood?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) E

e) F

d) E

Which labeled blood vessel shown in the diagram is the left common carotid artery?

a) A

b) B

c) E

d) F

e) H

a) A

Which labeled structure shown in the diagram is a pouch-like extension that serves to slightly increase the capacity of an atrium?

a) F

b) E

c) G

d) I

e) D

c) G

Which labeled structure in the figure is the ligamentum arteriosum?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) G

d) D

Which structure in the figure is labeled B?

a) left common carotid artery

b) left subclavian artery

c) left pulmonary vein

d) superior vena cava

e) brachiocephalic trunk

b) left subclavian artery

Which structure in the figure is labeled A?

a) left common carotid artery

b) left subclavian artery

c) left pulmonary vein

d) pulmonary trunk

e) superior vena cava

a) left common carotid artery

Which labeled structure in the figure acts as the natural pacemaker of the heart?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) E

a) A

Which labeled structure in the figure is the AV node?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) E

b) B

Athletes tend to have higher cardiac reserves because

a) they produce less epinephrine.

b) they eat more protein and vitamins.

c) their hearts operate more efficiently due to training

d) they take in less oxygen than average individuals

e) they put out more carbon dioxide than average individuals

c) their hearts operate more efficiently due to training

Which labeled structure in the figure represents the only pathway for conducting action potentials from the atria to the ventricles?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) E

c) C

Which labeled structure in the figure carries the cardiac action potential directly into the contractile fibers of the ventricular myocardium?

a) A

b) B

c) C

d) D

e) E

e) E

The difference between a person’s maximum cardiac output and resting cardiac output is called the

a) stroke volume.

b) peripheral resistance.

c) afterload.

d) cardiac reserve.

e) venous return.

d) cardiac reserve.

What is the function of the foramen ovale during fetal life?

a) Allowing blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium.

b) Allowing blood to flow directly from the right ventricle into the left ventricle. c) Serves as a valve in the vena cava to regulate venous blood flow.

d) Prevents back flow of blood from aorta into the left ventricle.

e) Prevents back flow of blood from pulmonary trunk into the right ventricle

a) Allowing blood to flow directly from the right atrium into the left atrium.

Isovolumetric contraction is the phase of the cardiac cycle in which

a) the semilunar valves are open.

b) ventricular repolarization occurs.

c) atrial depolarization occurs.

d) oxygenated blood leaves the heart into the systemic circulation.

e) ventricular pressure increases and ventricular volume remains the same.

e) ventricular pressure increases and ventricular volume remains the same.

Which of the following chambers of the heart is surrounded by the thickest layer of myocardium?

a) right atrium

b) left atrium

c) right ventricle

d) left ventricle

e) right auricle

d) left ventricle

In comparison to a sedentary individual, a well-trained athlete will usually have all the following characteristics EXCEPT

a) a higher cardiac reserve.

b) a higher resting cardiac output.

c) a higher stroke volume.

d) hypertrophy of the heart.

e) resting bradycardia.

b) a higher resting cardiac output.

Which of the following is a corrective cardiac procedure in which a large piece of a patient’s own latissimus dorsi muscle is wrapped around the heart and stimulated by an implanted pacemaker to assist the pumping action of a damaged heart?

a) cardioversion

b) cardiogenic transplant

c) cardiomyopathy

d) cardiomegaly

e) cardiomyoplasty

e) cardiomyoplasty

Which of the following blood vessels carries blood away from the heart to other organs?

a) arteries

b) capillaries

c) venules

d) arterioles

e) veins

a) arteries

Which of the following blood vessels carries blood from the tissues back to the heart?

a) arteries

b) arterioles

c) aorta

d) veins

e) capillaries

d) veins

Which layer of the arterial wall is responsible for vasoconstriction?

a) tunica interna

b) tunica media

c) tunica externa

d) tunica albuginea

e) tunica fascia

b) tunica media

A blockage in the proximal portion of the right subclavian artery will not only affect circulation to the right arm, but also to the

a) left arm

b) left ventricle

c) right ventricle

d) left vertebral artery

e) left common carotid artery

d) left vertebral artery

The bronchial arteries arise from the

a) left subclavian artery

b) brachiocephalic trunk

c) right subclavian artery

d) left common carotid artery

e) thoracic aorta

e) thoracic aorta

A blockage in the external iliac artery will reduce blood flow to the

a) external iliac artery

b) common iliac artery

c) femoral artery

d) abdominal aorta

e) ileal artery

c) femoral artery

In resting individuals, which vessels serve as a large blood reservoir from which blood can be quickly diverted to other vessels as needed?

a) Arteries and arterioles

b) Arterioles and capillaries

c) Venules and capillaries

d) Veins and venules

e) Aorta and veins

d) Veins and venules

In order to supply nourishment to liver tissue, which vessel must deliver blood to the organ?

a) hepatic artery

b) hepatic vein

c) hepatic portal vein

d) superior mesenteric artery

e) splenic artery

a) hepatic artery

If a patient is confined to bed and is unable to walk at all, which of the following will be seriously affected?

a) blood flow to the lungs

b) blood flow to the kidneys

c) the circulation returning from the lower body

d) circulation in the jugular veins

d) blood flow to the intestines

c) the circulation returning from the lower body

Capillaries are also referred to as

a) exchange vessels.

b) vasoconstrictors.

c) vasodilators.

d) pressure reservoirs.

e) distributing vessels.

a) exchange vessels.

Which of the following is the most important method of capillary exchange?

a) diffusion

b) facilitated diffusion

c) bulk flow

d) primary active transport

e) secondary active transport

a) diffusion

Which of the following structures is used to control the flow of blood through a capillary bed?

a) thoroughfare channels

b) precapillary sphincters

c) postcapillary sphincters

d) venules

e) valves in veins

b) precapillary sphincters

Which of the following types of tissues contains continuous capillaries?

a) skeletal muscle

b) smooth muscle

c) connective tissue

d) lungs

e) all of these choices

e) all of these choices

The alternate route of blood flow to a body part through an anastomosis is called

a) a thoroughfare channel.

b) a blood reservoir.

c) a detour route.

d) collateral circulation.

e) microcirculation.

d) collateral circulation.

The largest driving force for pulling fluid from the interstitial spaces back into the capillaries is

a) interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure.

b) interstitial fluid osmotic pressure.

c) blood colloid osmotic pressure.

d) blood hydrostatic pressure.

e) glomerular hydrostatic pressure.

c) blood colloid osmotic pressure

The pressure-driven movement of fluids and solutes from blood into interstitial fluid is called

a) reabsorption.

b) filtration.

c) bulk flow.

d) osmosis.

e) transcytosis.

b) filtration.

The volume of blood that circulates through the systemic (or pulmonary) blood vessels per minute is called

a) stroke volume.

b) tidal volume.

c) cardiac output.

d) cardiac reserve.

e) total peripheral resistance

c) cardiac output.

Cardiac output is dependent on both

a) heart rate and stroke volume.

b) stroke volume and systemic vascular resistance.

c) heart rate and systemic vascular resistance.

d) blood type and stroke volume.

e) blood pressure and heart rate

a) heart rate and stroke volume.

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in arterial blood pressure?

a) Increased blood volume

b) Increased sympathetic stimulation

c) Increased heart rate

d) Increased stroke volume

e) Increased arteriolar vasodilation

e) Increased arteriolar vasodilation

Which of the following would NOT result in an increase in systemic vascular resistance?

a) Decreased diameter of systemic arterioles

b) Increased blood viscosity

c) Decreased length of the systemic circulatory route

d) Increased vasoconstriction of systemic arterioles

e) Increased red blood cell count

c) Decreased length of the systemic circulatory route

The right common carotid artery branches directly off the

a) left common carotid artery

b) left subclavian artery

c) brachiocephalic trunk

d) right subclavian artery

e) right coronary artery

c) brachiocephalic trunk

Blood delivers clotting factors and WBCs that aid in hemostasis when skin is damaged.

b) Blood delivers calcium and phosphate ions that are needed for building bone extracellular  matrix.

c) Blood carries carbon dioxide to body tissues and removes oxygen for use by other organs.

d) Blood carries newly absorbed nutrients and water to the liver.

e) Blood circulates cells and chemicals that carry out immune functions.

c) Blood carries carbon dioxide to body tissues and removes oxygen for use by other organs.

The cardiovascular center is located

a) in the thoracic cavity.

b) in the cerebral cortex.

c) in the cerebellum.

d) in the medulla oblongata.

e) in the hypothalamus

d) in the medulla oblongata.

The most common disorder affecting the heart and blood vessels is

a) hypotension

b) aneurysm

c) infarction

d) arrhythmia

e) hypertension

e) hypertension

Pericardial arteries supply blood to the

a) outer heart muscle

b) tissue of the aorta

c) tissue of the pulmonary trunk

d) tissues of the pericardial sac

e) all of these

d) tissues of the pericardial sac

Which of the following hormones would NOT stimulate changes that lead to an increase in arterial blood pressure?

a) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

b) Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

c) Aldosterone

d) Angiotensin II

e) Norepinephrine

a) Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

Blood flow passing through the posterior aspect of the knee is achieved through the

a) tibial arteries

b) popliteal arteries

c) common iliac arteries

d) internal iliac arteries

e) external iliac arteries

b) popliteal arteries

The circulatory system aids in the homeostasis of the skeletal system by

a) delivering calcium

b) delivering phosphate

c) transporting hormones for bone metabolism

d) transporting hormones for production of red blood cells

e) all of the above

e) all of the above

Nutrients from digested food enter the liver via the

a) hepatic portal circulation

b) hepatic vein

c) abdominal aorta

d) inferior vena cava

e) renal veins

a) hepatic portal circulation