geog or cad test 1

understainfing how physical characteristics come togtehr to shap areas of the world. about understanding connections between land, people, hidtory , and identity in each region

Canadas Regions

• ATlantic Canada

• Quebec

• Ontario

• Western Canad

• British Columbia

• Territorial North

Canadas regions drawn out

what makes each region distinct

• geographic location

• population size

• economic role

• historical development

• Regional Consciousness

Faultlines definition

divisin in society

can erupt into tension or conflict

in canada, there are four majot =r faultlines that shape out geography + politics

Candas faultlines

1. Regional Faultlines : tensions b/t provinces and Ottowa, Western Alienation, Federal-provincial power struggles, Perceptions of Central Canda as “dominating interest”

2. The quebec Faultline; ongoing tensions over language, identity, autonomy.

3. Indigenous Faultline

4. Immigration Faultline

core + periphery

Core: where populaions, welath, and undustry concentrate

periphery: areas that supply resource but lack same economic power/population.

Canadas Core + periphery

core region: Ontario + quebec - manufacturing, finance, political power

Rapidly growing periphery: British Columbia + Western Canada - resource development + diversification

Slow growing Periphery: BC and Western Canada- resource development + diversification

slow-growing periphery: Atlantic Canada - population loss and declining industries

Resource Frontier: The territorial North - resource rich but underdeveloped

Provinces and terriotories of Canada:

regional consciousness:

the shared sense of identity, culture, and interests among people living in a specific geographic region

continentalism

a political and economic theory favoring closer ties, integration, or cooperation between nations within the same continent

Canadas Landfrom types:

• mountains- formed by tectonic activity

• Plateaus - elevated flatlands, shaped by erosion

• Lowland - broad flat areas @ lower elevation

Natural processes that alter landforms:

• Weathering breaks down solid rock into smaller particles.

• Erosion moves those particles using air, ice, or water.

• Deposition drops the material elsewhere, forming new landscapes.

• Denudation is the long-term wearing down of elevated areas like mountains. 

physiographic region:

large are with sim surface features, geological history, same geomorphic processes at work

Canads physiographic regions:

• The Canadian shield: largest, characterized by hard rock surfaces, glacial features, vast mineral resources

• The cordillera - mountain regions in W Canada

• Interior planes- flat, stable region. rich in soil + gas

• The Hudson Bay lowlands- flat wet, sparsely populated with peat rich muskeg

• The Arctic Land - vast area north of arctic Cure, cold, permafrost terrain

• Appalachian Uplands - rounded hills and river valleys E canada

• Great Lakes - St. Lawrence Lowlands- small in size, but huge pop _ economic importance

CADS physiographic regions pic

Cads four facotrs of climate

• solar enegery - influences temp + seasons

• Global circulation Systems - wind + oceam currents distribute energy

• Air Masses - continental and marine air masses bring dif humidity + temp conditions

• Continental Effect - land heats + cools faster than water, so areas far from ocean see greater temp extremes

Types of precipitation:

• convectional - warm air rises, cools, and drops moisture

• Frontal- warm and cold air masses meet (central + E Canada)

• Orographic - moist air rises over mountains, cools, and causes rain or snow (cordillera)

Cads climatic zones:

Cads drainage basins

• atlantic Basin - 3rd ;argesy in area, 2nd in streaflow. excellent for hydroelectric power

• Hudson Bay Basin - largest, idel for hydro bc of shield topography

• Arctic Basin- 2nd largest but low streamflow. long distances + sparse population limit hydro electricity

• Pacific Basin - smallest in size, has major hydroelectric projects

Cads drainage basins pic:

Permafrost

permanantly frozen ground

• thawing acros Arctic , destabilizing building and roads

Historics Geography

explores how geogrpahies of past have shaped present and future.

Dominion of Cad

created in 1867 w British North America Act

• Cad was just fioru colonies @ the time : ontario, QUebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick

Migration route theories

Corridor ROute: migrations happened throughj ic-free corridor b/t the Cordilleran and Lauarentide ice sheets

Sea route: suggests early people traveled along W coast , island-hoppign and using boats

Paleo-Indians

earliest knwon North American cultures, descendants of the original migrants

3 Paleo Indian cultures:

1. Clovis Culture : used fluted spear points called clovis points

2. Folsom Culture: expert bison hunters

3. Plano Culture: represented a broader range of tools and food services

Terra Nullius

term used by first Europeans coming to North America

“land belonging to no one”

rather tha seeing it as land full of distinct sovereign nations

Doctrine of Discovery

legal and ideological framework stating tha:

-europeans christian powers could claim any land not ruled by christians

-indigenous ppl were not recognized as sovereign nations

land was considered “discovered”

Regoinal consciousness

snese of identity/belonging for people of specific geographic area

Brian Gable

political cartoonist for globe + mail

• created cartoon of canada to show tensions w/in country

• used satire to show regional disparities

Jeffrey Simpson

Globe + Mail collumist

• applied term “faultlines” to xanada as crackes in countries Psyche

John Ralston Saul

Canadian political philospher

• decribed canada as “soft” country

• meaning conflict in Canada mainly resovled via negotian

John friedmann

adapted core + periphery model in 1966

• realized its easier to expand # of cores within one place

Continetalism

opposite of nationalism

example is canada and united states relationship as they share geographic advantage of being neighbours

Ecumene

refers to inhabited land

• where ppl have made land permanent hime

• cannad’s Ecumene is spread evenly throughout country

Drumlin

low hills formed by glacial deposits

Esker

long widing ridges of sand + gravle

• formed by deposits in flowing waters beneath glaciers

Pingo

ice chord hills formed by freestyle processes

Denudation

refers to wearing down of mountains due to weathering and erosion

• process coontantly reshaping earths surface

Deposition

piling up of a material in new locations

• process coontantly reshaping earths surface

Deed of surrender

1870

• Hudsons Bay Company agreed to transfer land holding to Canadian Government

• inc: ruperts land + North-Western Territory

added huge tracts to canada, brought in Red river Settlement, started conflict with the Metis and First Nations who never consented to this transfer

Rpid expansion of Canda: 1870 -1905

-1871 - BC joined, promis of railway

-1873 - PEI joined after rinancial trouble

-1898 - Yukon jcreated klondike gold rush

-1905 - Alberta and sask were carved form NW territories

Residential Schools

funded by Indian Act, where children forced of of their homes + communties and subjected to :

• sultural erasure

• physical + emotional abuse

• loss of identity and connection to land

• last school closed in 1996

Indigenous rights

collective rights stemming from pre-contact of land

• inherent

• protected by section 35 of contitution

• main recognized for Status firtsnations and Inuit

Treaty rights

negotiated agreements b/t Nations + crown

• set aside reserve land

• defines benefits. + services

• strongest in areas where treaties were signed

Treaty of Paris

1763

ended war

• gave control of New France to Britain which began quebec fualtline

• now, cananda would be controlled territory by britian

Quebec Act

1774

created to maintain order + avoid rebellion

• expanded terriotiry of Quebec

• Religous freedom for Roman catholics

• allowed french civil law

QUiet revolution

1960’s quebec had a period of quick social and political change

• modernized economy

• reuced power of catholic church

• expanded education + public services

• Embrace ethnic nationalism, growing pride in identity

Doukhobors

religous refugess

• puritanical christain sect

• originated in russia in 1600’s

• 4000 imigrated to saskatchewan in 1899 -

Dominion Lands Act

1872

• freed land to settlers as

• land grabts for pacific canadian railway

• land alocation for resevres, religous organizations, etc…

Clifford Sifton

minister of interior

• populated the west

• campaign “Last Best West” focussed on:

• British + American Immigrants

• ukraine

• Poland

• Rusiia

• Germany

• Scandinavia

Candian Pacific Railway

created by John A. Macdonald, completed in 1885

• connected the country

Berringia Land Bridge

how first humans likely arrived in NA during last ice age (40,000 ya)

• during this time glaciers locked up huge amts of water, which exposed land bt Siberia and Alaska

The great melt

Samuel de Champlain

qeubec citys leader in 1608

led the creation of quebec city being first perminant European settlemnt in canada

Loyalist

refers to Americans that remained loyal to Britain after the American War of Independance (1775-1783)

• fled to NA

• sertled in Nova Scotia, Eastern Quebec

• SOuthern Ontaria

SIr John Alexander Mcdonald

first prime minister of Canada

• believed canda should stretch from sea to sea

• expanded the country wchi laniched immigrations, land survey, infrastructure dvlpment but also…

• displaced Indigenous + metis ppl

Truth and Reconciliation Commission

milestone in Indigenous + federal relations

• created to document survivor stories and guide healing

British North American Act

united three separate territories of Canada, Nova scotia and New Brunswick into single dominion called canada in 1867

• renamed as Constitution Act in 1867

Historical vs Modern Treaties

HUman Geograohy

Study of how, where, people live and why

• pop and culture helps us better understand geographic patterns + social dynamics

3 key features of pop geog in Canada

1. concentration near US boarder

2. Westward shift in pop centre of gravity

3. sparse pop in N regions

ways pop growth happens

• Natural Increase (birth - death)

• Immigration

before 1986, pop growth was mainy from natural increase, since then immigration has been main driver.

Demographic Transition Theory

explains how pops change as societies dvlp

• pre-industrial : high birth rate + death rate

• early industrial: death rate drops

• late industrial: birth rates decline

• Early post-industrial: Low birth + death rate

• Late post industrial: birth rate below replacement

Canada is in ealry post- industrial phase, not counting immigration.

Replacement Feritility

3 of children each women needs to have for pop to replace itslef

• replacemnet lvl is 2.1

cnadas fertility rate is below replacemnt lvl.

Age Dependancy ratio

compares # of ppl economically dependant (under 15 and over 64) to those in working age group (15-64)

Aging in Canda

canada aging fast, why?:

• low fertility rates

• higher life expectancy

• AGing baby boomers

Generations:

• Silent. (1928 -1945) grew up in war + depression

• Baby boomer (1946 - 1964) retiring

• Gen X (1965 - 1980) independant

• Millenials (1981 - 1996) Digital Native

• Gen Z (1997 - 2012) grew up wiith smart phone

• Gen Alpha(2013+) born in AI world

Population Distribution

how ppl spread across country

• in Canda most people live in national ecumene (areas close to US)

• where trade, agriculture, settlement most viable

Physilogical density

people per unit of arable land

CADS; 32/km squared

canadas populaton density is

low : 3.6 ppl/km squared

Candas population zones

• core region: great lakes st. lawrence (densets)

• sedondary zone (van, clagary)

• Tertiary zone: boreal forest towns

• Empty zone: arctic + remote N settlements

Census Metropolitan Area (CMA)

• urban centre + surrounding areas

• must have 100,00+ total, 50,000+ in the core

ex; ttoronto , van , cakgary

Indigenous population demographics

• 500k indigenous people pre contact

• dropped to 105,611 by 1911

• recovery began in 1930s - 2021 count 1.8 million

Komagata Maru

example of exclusion in Cnadas past

• in 1914, ship carrying 376 passengers from British India denied entry @ vancouver port

• forced to return to Indian after 2 months at sea

• showcases canadas discrimination towards non-European immigration

Economic Geography

study of how poeple make a living + how that activity is shaped by place

• looks at industries development, why jobs cluster in some groups

Staples economy

building around extracting + exportog raw materials

how canda historically came up with wealth (fishing, farmland, minerals)

Staples Thesis

Introduced by economist Harlold Innis

• candas regional dvlpmt shaped bu the type of staple resources available

ex; timer in BC, fur in the North, cod in Newfoundland

Staples Trap

occurs when relying too heavily on raw exports

• country fails to move beyond extraction and into more vakue added activities like naufacturing/innovation

CADs four main economy sectors

• primary sector: extracting resources (mining, loggin, fishing, farming)

• Secondary sector: manufacturing + construction (turning materials into goods)

• Tertiary Sector: services (very broad from retail to education to health care)

• Quaternary Sector: Knowledge-based services (reserach, IT, AI)

today almost 80% work in tertiary and quaternary sectors

Continentalism and Trade Agreements: Auto Pact (1965), Free Trade Agreement (1989), NAFTA (1994), CUSMA (2020)

deepened ties with US through trade agreements:

• Auto Pact : integrated Candian and US auto production'

• Free Trade Agreement: marled first free trade deal b/t cad and US

• NAFTA: removed tarrifs bt Cad, US and Mexico

• CUSMA: updated NAFTA w new digital and labor rules

agreements alligned our economy with US

Super cycles

decade long period of booming global demand for raw materials

• usually industrialization in major economies

• canada economy is best during cycle (western canada where oil and gas in dominate)

last major one was ealry 2000s bc exports to china soard as growth grew. stopped in 2011 bc growth stopped. ppl believe that it will happen in india again. but diff now bc sustainable exports + environemental responibilty important.

Knowledge Based economy

refers to growth depending on ideas, innovation, and tech

Canada is shifting towards this

Richard Florida

Sociologist that came up with term creative class

• describes highly skilled workers who drive innovation (scientists, engineers, designers, software developers)

• not manual labour, entire work based on thought

• typically cluster in cities w good infrastructure, diverse comm, public investment (toronto, van, montreal)

Alan turing + turing Test:

britihs mathmetician and code braker who asked question in 1950: can machines think?

turing test: way to asses if computers can imitate human convo convinsingly. if humans cant tell a diff, then machine passes

• turings ideas lead the way for modern comp sciences

Artificial Inteligence:

powers search engines, rec systems, custmioer service nots.

• can learn , analyze, and make desicions

CAD is global AI leader, major reasearch hubs in Toronot Montreal and Edmonten

Artificila Genral Intelligence

when machines can perfom any intellectual task that a human cand to

Rostows Model of economic growth

Economic Walt rostow came up w/ model of dvlpmt:

1. Traditional Society

2. Preconditions for Take-Off; early signs of modernization

3. Take-Off; break thru period

4. Drive to Maturity; groth spreads thru other sectors

5. Age of Mass Consumption; country now fully industrialized

this assumes that all countries have western industrial path - not the case.

Globalization (stage 6 of rostow model)

refers to integration of economies, cultures, and political systems thru trade, tech, and migration

equalization payments

transfers from ottawa to less wealthy provinces

goal to ensure fair access to public service even if provinces government doesnt generate more revenue than others

• Quebec recieves most overall

• PEI recieves most per capita

• BC and ALBERTA dont recieve any payments bc economys were stronger

Trans mountain pipeline

system that transports crude and refined oil from edmonton to burnaby

• built in 1993

• controversial project bc of climarte responsibilities

• expansion of pipeline is in process which would triple the systems capacity for oil transportation

• federal gov bought fromo company in order to provide money + jobs for canadian

• anger bc interfees. with climate sustanaibity goals; canadas signing of paris agreement,

Relationality

refers to idea that evrything is connected through relationship

ex; people, land, wayer, animals, future generations are all a part of a interdependant sytsem.

ex; climate chnage not just being an environementak problem but also a social, cultural, political, and ethical problem.

sterwardhsip

responsibilty to care for land, water, animals, and future generations. not abou townerhsip, but rather an obligation.

embodied knowledge

knowledge gained through lived experiences. leanred through doing, observing, and living,

for indigenous comms knowledge of weather, animals, water, and land comes from generations of close relationship with dif environemnts

Paris agreement

aaal