Diagnostic imaging safety

There are two types of sources of ionizing radiation: ___, _-__

environmental, man-made

three components required by law about radiation safety: ___, ___, ___

information, equipment, monitoring

The damage radiation does to cells ___

ranges

Some results of radiation on cells: ___, ___ germ cells, ___ especially in early stages, ___ malformation, ___, causing ___ in the eyes, ___ damage, etc

carcinogenic, sterilize, abortion, congenital, immunocompromise, cataracts, tissue

a fetus 0-9 days old when exposed to radiation may be ___

absorbed

A fetus 10 days to 6 weeks will be ___

aborted

somatic damage from radiation doesn’t require a ___, and it exposure ___

threshold, cumulatively

Types of somatic damage: ___ and ___ affecting reproductive cells

malignant, genetic

Deterministic damage is when the dose of radiation exceeds the ___, and the damage increases with the ___. This is rare in ___ imaging, and will result in skin ___ and ___

threshold, dose, diagnostic, burns, cataracts

Sources of X-ray exposure ___ beam, ___ from the beam, and ___

primary, scatter, eakage

Leakage usually comes from ___ housing from old units or portable e rays

tube

If radiation is absorbed it is called ___ or ___

gray

Sievert measures how much radiation effects ___

tissues

MPD or ___ ___ ___ is how much radiation one person is allowed to be exposed to in their occupation depending on their status

maximal permissible dose

The normal MPD is ___ mSv

50

If pregnant the MPD is ___ mSv

5

If under 18 the MPD is ___ msv

0

What ALARA stand for ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

as low as reasonably acheivable

Three components to staying safe with radiation: ___, ___, ___

time, distance, shielding

The primary beam is limited by a ___

filter

As kVp increases, mAs ___

decreases

Try to avoid retakes by preparing the ___, and ___ with the right ___, and only examine under a ___

patient, equipment, film, darkroom

Rotate the ___ doing X-rays so that one person doesn’t have high amounts of exposure

personnel

Restraining the patient when doing X-rays avoids ___ allows for less retakes, and the restraint can either be ___ or ___

retakes, mechanical, chemical

The law of inverse squares states:

I1/I2 = (D2/D1)²

___ can be exposed to the primary beam

nobody

When restrainting for an X-ray look ___, and stand ___

away, straight

The apron and thyroid shield has ___ mm lead equivalent @ 150 kVp

0.5

Gloves have ___ mm lead equivalent @ 150 kVp

0.25

Glasses are to ___ impregnanted for X-ray use

lead

When exposed to the primary beam lead lined clothing can only decrease exposure by ___%

25

PPE should be visually inspected every ___-___ ___

3-4 months

Gloves should be X-ray inspected every ___ ___

6 months

Gloves should be X-ray inspected at ___ kVp and ___-___ mAs

90, 10-20

Aprons should be X-ray inspected every ___ ___

12 months

Apron X-ray inspections should be take at ___ kVp and ___-___ mAs

90, 5-10

When shooting a radiograph limit the beam to the ___ of ___ and if neccessray shield the ___

area of interest, gonads

When using a portable X-ray machine ___ people is needed

3

When using a portable machine there should be the ___ holding the machine, the ___ holder, and the animal ___

radiographer, cassette, restrainer

radiographers using a portable machine should never hold the ___

tube

What must be worn during radiographs to measure exposure

dosimeters

Fluoroscopy are “___” x-rays

live

During fluoroscopy the promary beam is ___

continuous

Fluoroscopy will not ___ radiographs

replace

___ should be worn during fluoroscopy

PPE

When doing fluoroscopy ___ the beam to be the smallest as needed

collimate