Marine Inverts Exam 1

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What are invertebrates?

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78 Terms

1

What are invertebrates?

Animals that lack a backbone

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2

Why are Inverts Important?

  • Ecologically important for nutrient cycling, filtration, or habitat.

  • Economically important for food, ecotourism (shelling), and pharmaceuticals.

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What is taxonomy?

a branch of science concerned with classification, especially of organisms, systematics.

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why is taxonomy important?

classify new spieces with other like species, conservation

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What is phylogeny?

The study of evolutionary reationships

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Phylogenetic systematics

field within biology that reconstructs evolutionary history and studies the patterns of relationships among organisms.

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homologous traits

Traits or structures that are similar in two or more species, showing that organisms have descended from a common ancestor

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Binary characters

useful for classification because it allows for easy separation of groups by designating presence v. absence or selecting from one of two states, such as long v. short, one antenna v. two antenna, and so on.

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Multistate Characters

a character that can occur in several character states

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Character state

particular version of a character

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Principle of Parsimony

The principle that the most acceptable explanation of an occurrence, phenomenon, or event is the simplest, involving the fewest entities, assumptions, or changes. In phylogenetics, for example, the preferred tree showing evolutionary relationships between species, molecules, or other entities is the one that requires the least amount of evolutionary change, that is, maximum parsimony.

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<p>monophyletic</p>

monophyletic

Describes a group of organisms that are classified in the same taxon and share a most recent common ancestor, traits are shared and derived (synapomorphy).

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<p>Paraphyletic</p>

Paraphyletic

A group that contains a common ancestor and some, but not all, of the decendants. Implying that some members of the natural group have been places into another group.

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<p>Polyphyletic</p>

Polyphyletic

A group of that is of mixed evolutionary origin, but share similiar features (homoplasies)

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Bilateral symmetry

Left and right vertical → helps with a head (humans)

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Radial symmetry

Cut any direction, symmetrical(cnidarians, ecginoderms (pentaradial))

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Asymmetrical

no symmetry (sponges)

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Diploblastic

2 tissue layers (endoderm & ectoderm)

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Triploblastic

3 tissue layers (endoderm, ectoderm, & mesoderm)

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Coelom

body cavity found in metazoans that surrounds and contains th digestive trat and other organs

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significance of a coelom

relates to potential for increased body size

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Protostome

Mouth developes from blastopore

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<p>Deuterostome</p>

Deuterostome

Anus developes from blastopore

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metazoan

animals that are multicellular, and have cells differentited into tissue and organs, using sspecialized cells.

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Choanocytes

fagellated cells that drive water through canals and chambers constituting the aquiferous system

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pluripotency

function as stem cells

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epithellial cells

surface cells that act as a “skin”, in sponges cells are connected but dont share materials through adheran junctions, but lack gap junctions

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<p>asconoid</p>

asconoid

  • simpliest sponge body form

  • ostia

  • choanocyte in spongocoel

  • osculum

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<p>syconoid</p>

syconoid

  • ostia

  • choanocyte in radial canal

  • apopyle

  • spongocoel

  • osculum a

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<p>leuconoid</p>

leuconoid

  • complex ostia

  • incurrent canal

  • choanocyte in radial canal

  • excurrent canal oscula

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spicules

skeletal elements that are composed of calcium carbonate, or silicon oxide

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megascleres

large spicules

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microscleres

small spicules

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Spongin

a fiborous materal that forms part of the sponges skeletal system

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Importance of sponges

  • primary producers

  • filtration

  • habit

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Parasitic behavior of Cliona

common bioeroder

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Osculum

large aperture in a sponge through which water is expelled

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spongocoel

the large open cavity of sponges

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mesohyl (mesoglea)

the gelatinous matrix within a sponge, incuding motile cells and some skeletal material

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porocyte

allows water into the sponge through its opening (ostium)

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pinacocytes

thin layer that keeps water out of the sponge

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cnidae

gereal term for specialized cells for example nematocysts

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endoderm

inner tissue layer

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ectoderm

outer tissue layer

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myoepithelial cells

epitheliomuscular cells and nutitive cells derived from endoderm and ectoderm to form musculature

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epidermis

outmost body layer

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mesoglea

an extracellular matrix that lays between the epidermis and the gastrodermis in cnidarians that functions as a hydrostatic skeleton. Acellular.

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siphonoglyph

a ciliated groove at one or both ends of the mouth of sea anemones and some corals.The siphonoglyph extends into a pharynx and is used to create currents of water into the pharynx

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gastrodermis

the inner layer that serves as a lining memberane of the gastrovascular cavity (coelenteron) in cnidarians

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gastrovascular cavity (coelenteron)

sac-like , partioned or branched, but with a single opening serving as both mouth and anus (cnidarians)

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colloblast

multicellular structures found in ctenophores, they consist of collocyte lining and can be dischaged from the animals tentacles and used to capture prey. Not stinging cells but sticky to catch prey.

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mesochyme

similiar to mesogela but has cells

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velum

a membrane part that resembles a veil or curtain

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ctene

a locomotor organ consisting of a row of strong cilia whose bases are fused (Ctenophores)

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gonochoristic

a sexual system in which there are only two sexes and each individual is either male or female

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hermaphroditic

an individual that possesses both male and female reproductive organs, structures, or tissues

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soft corals (octocorals)

tentacles (cnidae) in multiples of 8

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hard corals (hexacorals)

tentacles (cnidae) in multiples of 6

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Rhopalia

small sensory structures that generally occur in multiples of four in cnidarieans (scyphozoan, and Cubozoan)

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reproduction in corals

  1. Gamete bundles released

  2. bundles disassociate

  3. fertilization

  4. clevage → 4-cell → 8-cell

  5. monrula

  6. different shape stages

  7. elongated planulae

  8. searching

  9. settlement

  10. budding

  11. Adult

  12. repeat

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importance of cnidaria

  • primary producers

  • habitat

  • source of food

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Common features of all worms

  • cephalization

  • central nervous system (CNS)

  • bilateral symmetry

  • triploblastic

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Protonephridia

a type of nephridia that are network of dead-end tubules without internal openings

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metanephidia

a type of nephridia that are a type of eccretory glands with a ciliated funnel opening into the body cavity

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Surface area to volume ratio

higher SA:V ratio allows for a more efficient diffusive processes than a low SA:V ratio

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Pharynx

“throat”: smooth part following the mouth

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Proboscis

an extensible tubular sucking organ

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Rhynchocoel

coelomic hydrostatic chamber (Nemertea)

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Renette cells

Specialized excretory cell in nematode worms

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Metamerism

the repetition of homologous body segments

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Segmentation

the division of some animal body into a series of repetitive segments

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teloblastic growth

a large cell in the embryos of clitellate annelids which asymmertrically divide to form many smaller cells known as blast cells which further proliferate and diffeentiate to form the segmental tissues of the annelid

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Open circulatory system

blood suffuse the body and may be directly open to the environment at places such as the digestive tract. has a hemocoel that is a central body cavity that may have some arteries but are not closed

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closed circulatory system

blood stays within blood vessels, this way blood is kept separate from body tissues, this system has a heart that pumps blood through a continuous circulation pattern

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trocophore larvae

a type of free-swimming plantonic marine larva with several bands of cilia

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blastocoelic

a fluid filled or yolk filled cavity that forms in the blastula during early embryonic developemt

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ganglion (ganglia)

dense group of nerve- cell bodies present in most animals above the level of snidarians

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diverticulae

*if viewing a cross section

the lining of the whit spaces

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