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south-east brazil, around guanabara bay
north zone →industry, squatter settlements and the international airport
centro →historic buildings, CBD and financial centtr
west zone →wealthy suburbs, industrial areas and olympic stadiums
south zone →hotels, beaches and luxury flats, rocinha
host for 2016 olympics and matches during 2014 world cup
christ the redeemer
major regional, national and international industrial centre
important international transport hub
economic activities attract migrants
argentina and bolivia
portugal
skilled workers from usa and uk
healthcare
IMR → 19 per 1000
average life expectancy →63
education
only half of all children continue education beyond 14 because: a shortage of schools and teachers, lack of money so need for teenagers to work to support their families
water supply
12% population had no running water
37% lost through leaks and illegal access
energy
frequent power cuts and blackouts
illegal tapping into main supply
healthcare
medical staff detect and treat 20 different diseases in peoples homes
education
authorities have given grants to poor families and opened a private uni in rocinha favela
water supply
300km new pipes and 7 treatment plants built
by 2014 95% population had mains water
energy
60km new power lines installed
new nuclear generator built
rio provides 6% of brazils employment
large companies now attracted to rio
rios industrial areas have boosted the citys economy
economic opportunities developed in the formal economy eg oil refining, tourism, retail
unemployment
recession in 2015 increases unemployment
rates in favelas are over 20%
most people work in informal economy
crime
murder, kidnapping and armed assault occur regularly
powerful gangs control drug trafficking in many favelas
unemployment
the schools of tomorrow programme aims to improve education
free child care provided to allow teenage parents to return to education
crime
in 2013 pacifying police units were established to reclaim favelas from drug dealers
police have taken control of some crime dominated favelas
air pollution
causes around 5000 deaths per year
smog occurs in still conditions
traffic congestion
steep mountains limit where roads can go
high crime levels means people prefer to drive
water pollution
rivers polluted by open sewers in favelas as government hasnt paid for sewage pipes
oil spills from petrobras oil refinery
waste pollution
many favelas on steep roads so waste collection is difficult
air pollution and traffic congestion
expansion of metro system
new toll roads
water pollution
12 new sewage works built since 2004
5km sewage pipes installed
waste pollution
power plant set up which consumes 30 tonnes of rubbish a day and produces enough electricity for 1000 homes
largest favela in rio
90% of houses built with brick and with electricity, running water and sewerage systems
bars, travel agents and shops
crime
high murder rate of 20 per 1000
health
IMR as high as 50 per 1000
services
12% homes had no running water
30% homes have no electricity
50% have no sewerage connections
site and service scheme
complexo do alemao is a group of favelas in rios north zone
local authority has made many improvements
paved roads
pacifying police unit
improved sanitation
quality of life, mobility and employment prospects of inhabitants have improved
newly built infrastructure not being maintained
residents lack skills and resources to make repairs
waste recycling
reduced landfill by reducing annual waste disposal from 140,000 to 50,000 tonnes in 12 years
reduced landfill by recycling more than 88% of packing waste
reduced landfill by providing energy for 28,000 homes from burning non-recyclable waste
local people can invest in renewable energy resources
financial rewards are given to people who compost their green waste and use textile nappies
more than 10,000 people are employed in 1500 environmental businesses in the city
a solar training centre provides training skills needed for the new solar technology
the institute for solar energy systems has developed new systems for solar cooling and air conditioning
waste water system allows rainwater to be retained, reused or seep back in the ground
involves green roofs, unpaved tramways, pervious pavements
400 solar panel installations in the city
largest proportion of its renewable electricity comes from biomass using waste wood and rapeseed oil
biogas is produced from organic waste which produces enough energy to heat freiburgs 3 pools
40% city is forested
44,000 trees have been planted in parks and streets
only native trees and shrubs are planted in the 600 hectares of parks
integrated traffic plan
tram network provides efficient, cheap and accessible public transport
70% population live within 500m of a tram stop
400km cycle paths
restrictions on car parking spaces - in vauban district each one costs £20,000
high petrol prices
overhead railway system and efficient bus network
restricted entry to city during rush hours
result →45% less traffic and 25% fewer accidents in the city centre, 2/3 all daily journeys now by public transport
in 2014 tourism contributed 24% of jamaicas gdp
income from tourism is US$2 billion each year and taxes contribute further to development of the country
in the northern tourist areas of montego bay and ocho rios wealthy jamaicans have a high standard of living
however large numbers of people live nearby in poor housing with inadequate access to fresh water, healthcare and education
conservation and landscaping projects provide job opportunities
community tourism and sustainable ecotourism is expanding in more isolated regions
mass tourism can create environmental problems such as footpath erosion, excessive waste and harmful emissions
