AP Stats AP Exam Review

Population is measured using a…

Census

Samples are measured using…

Sampling techniques

Sampling error

unavoidable issues, no sample can be perfect

Sampling bias

systematic and avoidable, failure of sample to atleast be reasonably representativeof the population

Small sampling size results in…

high sampling error (very bias and reduces credibibility)

Undercoverage

not enough people of a certain group is represented by the sample

Nonresponse bias

some groups fail to respond, thus they’re date is not inluded and they are underrepresented

Volentary response bias

the same groups of people will choose to respond and they’re data will be overrepresented

Loaded Questions

Leading the person answering to give one answer over another

False answers

Subjects will not want to answer truthfully, thus providing inaccurate data

Simple random sample (SRS)

radnomly select “n” subjects from a population, everyone has an equal chance of being chosen

Systematic random sample

the 1st subject is chosen randomly then every nth subject will be sampled

ex. chosing a number/student from 1-90 and if 45 is picked every 90th student from 45 will be picked (45, 135, 225, etc)

Multi stage sample

more than one sampling technique is used

stratified random sample

a sampling method where the population is divided into subgroups, or strata, and random samples are taken from each strata.

cluster sample

1 or more subgroups that are reasonably representative of the population are selected

Convenience sample

Subjects are selected based on how easy they are too obtain, leads to bias

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