Adolescent Development Exam 2

Familism

ideology that places the needs of the family above the needs of the individual

generation dissonance

Divergence of views between adolescents and parents that is common in families of immigrant parents and American-born adolescents.

authoritative parents

child-centered, democratic, flexible, firm behavior guidelines, and encourages psychological autonomy

authoritarian parents

adult-centered, autocratic, rigid, strict rules and expectations, and discourages open communication

indulgent parents

child-centered, appeasing, no guidelines or directions, and few rules or expectations

indifferent parents

adult-centered, passive, dismissing, few demands, and detached or absent

shared environmental influences

nongenetic influences that make individuals living in the same family similar to each other

nonshared environmental influences

The nongenetic influences in individuals' lives that make them different from people they live with.

diathesis-stress model

a diagnostic model that proposes that a disorder may develop when an underlying vulnerability is coupled with a precipitating event; predisposed for mental illness

differential susceptibility theory

Theory which states that kids may be more or less susceptible to environmental stressors than others

age grading

the process of grouping individuals within social institutions on the basis of age, specifically in schools

cliques

friendship groups that children voluntarily form or join themselves; more intimate and personal than a crowd

configurative cultures

cultures in which young people learn what they need to know not only from adults but also from other young people

ethnography

the scientific description of the customs of individual peoples and cultures.

hostile attributional bias

a cognitive bias where individuals interpret behaviors

from others through a negative lens without valid evidence

iatrogenic effects

unintended adverse consequences of a treatment or intervention

instrumental aggression

aggression motivated by the desire to obtain a concrete goal

causation

one event is the result of the occurrence of the other event (cause and effect)

postfigurative culture

a culture in which social change is slow and younger generations need to acquire the knowledge and skills of their elders

correlation

two events are related to one another, but don't have a cause and effect relationship. negative correlation coefficient means that the variables move in opposite directions, positive correlation coefficient means that the variables move in tandem

comprehensive high school

an educational institution that evolved during the first half of the twentieth century, offering a varied curriculum and designed to meet the needs of a diverse population of adolescents

social promotion

the practice of promoting students from one grade to the next automatically, regardless of their school performance

critical thinking

thinking that involves analyzing, evaluating, and interpreting information, rather than simply memorizing it

standards-based reform

policies designed to improve achievement by holding schools and students to a predetermined set of standards measured by achievement tests

common core

a proposed set of standards in language arts and mathematics that all American schools would be expected to use

charter schools

school vouchers

government-subsidized vouchers that can be used for private school tuition

schools within schools

subdivisions of the student body within large schools created to foster feelings of belongingness

tracking

the practice of separating students into ability groups, so that they take classes with peers at the same skill level

dyslexia

impaired ability in reading or spelling

dysgraphia

impaired ability in handwriting

dyscalculia

impaired ability in arithmetic

mainstreaming

the integration of adolescents who have educational handicaps into regular classrooms

big fish-little pond effect

the reason that individuals who attend high schools with high-achieving peers feel worse about themselves than comparably successful individuals with lower-achieving peers

social capital

the interpersonal resources available to an adolescent or family

student engagement

the extent to which students are psychologically committed to learning and mastering the material rather than simply completing the assigned work

zero tolerance

a get-tough approach to adolescent misbehavior that responds seriously or excessively to the first infraction

sociometric popularity

describes a well-liked teen who is fun and kind; based more on personality than perceived popularity

prefigurative culture

a culture in which social change is very rapid and older generations need to replace obsolete knowledge and skills with those of the younger generation

relational aggression

an act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a person's relationship or social standing; can often stem from jealousy

reference groups

groups of people with whom one compares oneself

reactive aggression

emotionally driven, antagonistic aggression sparked by one's perception that other people's motives are hostile

flow experience

a profound absorption, total concentration, enjoyment and intrinsic motivation in the activity

media practice model

A perspective on media use that emphasizes the fact that adolescents not only choose what media they are exposed to but also interpret the media in ways that shape their impact

positive youth development

a research-based approach or philosophy that guides communities in the way they organize supports and opportunities so that young people can realize their potential.

reverse causation

a phenomenon that describes the association of two variables differently than you would expect. Instead of X causing Y, as is the case for traditional causation, Y causes X

routine activity theory

youths who spend more time with their peers in unstructured activities without supervision are provided optimal opportunity for deviance to occur because during these unstructured activities guardianship is absent.

spurious causation

two or more variables are associated but not causally related, even though they may appear to be

uses and gratification approach

media users play an active role in choosing and using the media. people use media to meet their needs

compulsive internet use (CIU)

a maladaptive relationship with the tool, including a loss of control over the use, the use for mood change and withdrawal symptoms. Most studies have relied on student samples, thus little is known about its prevalence in adults.

cultivation theory

A perspective on media use that emphasizes the impact media exposure has on individuals

common finding of cyberbullying studies

adolescents who engage in traditional bullying often also engage in cyberbullying

2007 follow up to Brown v. Board

school districts may no longer use race as a factor in deciding how to assign students to schools

school size

has the larger impact on student's scholastic achievement

greater alienation from school

Jenny's family has lived below the poverty level his entire life. Research suggests that Jenny is likely to experience _____________ than students above the poverty line.

age segregation

one of the main causes of youth culture

experience sampling method (ESM)

a way of gathering data that uses repeated assessments in the individual's natural environment. So, it's a combination of sampling methods where somebody might get beeped or paged several times a day over the course of a week or two weeks.

perceived popularity

Perceived popularity refers to an individual's status in a social group as perceived by others, often based on visibility, likability, or social connections rather than genuine friendships