Memory Strategies and Metacognition

Memory Strategy

Mental activities to enhance encoding and retrieval.

Absentmindedness

Forgetting specific pieces of information.

Divided-Attention Tasks

Pay attention to multiple messages simultaneously.

Multitasking

Performing two or more tasks at the same time.

Levels of Processing

Deeper processing leads to better recall accuracy.

Elaboration

Focusing on the specific meaning of concepts.

Rehearsal

Repeating information to aid learning.

Distinctiveness

Memory traces should differ from each other.

Self-Reference Effect

Enhancing memory by relating material to experiences.

Total-Time Hypothesis

Learning amount depends on total study time.

Distributed-Practice Effect

Spaced learning improves material retention.

Massed Learning

Cramming all material at once; less effective.

Desirable Difficulties

Challenging learning situations that enhance memory.

Testing Effect

Being tested improves memory retention for material.

Mnemonics

Strategies designed to improve memory performance.

Mental Imagery

Representing stimuli mentally without physical presence.

Keyword Method

Using similar-sounding words to learn new terms.

Organization

Applying systematic order to learning material.

Chunking

Combining small units into larger, manageable units.

Hierarchy

Items arranged in a series of classes.

First-Letter Technique

Creating a word from the first letters of items.

Narrative Technique

Linking words together through storytelling.

Retrospective Memory

Remembering past acquired information.

Prospective Memory

Remembering future tasks or actions.

Ecological Validity

Research conditions similar to natural settings.

External Memory Aid

Devices that facilitate memory externally.

Metacognition

Knowledge and control of cognitive processes.

Self-Knowledge

Beliefs individuals hold about themselves.

Metamemory

Knowledge and monitoring of one's own memory.

Foresight Bias

Overconfidence in future exam performance.

Tip-of-the-Tongue Effect

Knowing a word but unable to recall it.

Feeling-of-Knowing Effect

Knowing information but unable to retrieve it.

Tip-of-the-Finger Effect

Knowing a sign but temporarily inaccessible.

Metacomprehension

Thoughts about understanding language.