Anatomy and Physiology- Chapter 1

Anatomy

study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

Physiology

study of the function of the body- how the body parts work together

Gross Anatomy

the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye

Microscopic Anatomy

anatomy of structures too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope

Cellular Anatomy

considers the cells of the body

Histology

Considers the tissues of the body

Developmental Anatomy

traces the structural changes in individual from conception through old age

Pathological Anatomy

study of gross and microscopic structural changes in the body caused by disease

Radiographic Anatomy

the study of internal structures of the body by means of x-ray images

Molecular biology

the study of the structure of biological molecules that provide the fundamental link between structure and function

Topics of physiology

Renal physiology, Neurophysiology, Cardiac physiology, other organ system physiology.

Superior

towards the head end or upper part of structure of the body

Inferior

Away from the head end or towards the lower part of a structure of the body; below

Anterior

towards or at the front of the body; in front of

Posterior

towards or at the back of the body; behind

Medial

towards or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of

Lateral

away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of

Intermediate

between a more medial and a more lateral structure

Proximal

closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Distal

farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk

Superficial (external)

towards or at the body surface

Deep (internal)

away from the body surface; more internal

Levels of Structural Organization

Circulatory System ( Cardiovascular System)

blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.. heart pumps blood

Respiratory System

keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls o the air sacs of the lungs

Nervous Systems

fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.

Oral and Digestive Cavity

teeth and tongue

Nasal cavity

part of the respiratory system passageways

Orbital cavities

eyes

Middle ear cavities

auditory bones

Synovial cavities

joint cavities with synovial fluid for joint lubrication

Abdominopelvic Regions

Umbilical, Epigastric, Hypograstic, Iliac (right/left), Lumbar (right/left), Hypochondriac

The Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants

Right Upper, Left Upper, Right Lower, Left Lower

Urinary System

eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood

Digestive System

breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible food are eliminated as feces

Integumentary System

forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; sight of cutaneous ( pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands

Skeletal System

protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause moment. blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals

Muscular System

allows manipulation of the environment locomotion and facial expression, maintains posture and produces heat

Endocrine System

glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells

Lymphatic System/Immunity

picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and return it to blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. the immune response mounts to attack against foreign substances within the body

Serous Membranes

Dorsal and Ventral Body Cavities and their Subdivisions

Homeostasis

maintenance of stable internal conditions; dynamic state of equilibrium

Homeostatic Control Mechanism

Negative Feedback Mechanism

1. Opposite directional change
2. Decrease in orignial stimulus
3. Nervous system controls
4. Endocrine system controls
5. Other system controls

Regional Terms (Posterior View)

Body Planes and Sections

Positive Feedback Mechanism

1. Same directional change
2. Increase in original stimulus
3. Cascade effect
4. Cardiovascular system control
5. Reproductive system control

Anatomical Position

Body facing forward; Palms facing out; thumbs pointing away from body

Regional Terms ( Anterior View)

Respiration

Involves both the respiratory and the circulatory systems

Four processes that supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2
- Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): movement of air into and out of the lungs

- External respiration: O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood

- Transport: O2 and CO2 in the blood

- Internal respiration: O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues

Respiratory System: Functional Anatomy

Major organs

- Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
- Pharynx
- Larynx
- Trachea
- Bronchi and their branches
- Lungs and alveoli