Anatomy
study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Physiology
study of the function of the body- how the body parts work together
Gross Anatomy
the study of large body structures visible to the naked eye
Microscopic Anatomy
anatomy of structures too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope
Cellular Anatomy
considers the cells of the body
Histology
Considers the tissues of the body
Developmental Anatomy
traces the structural changes in individual from conception through old age
Pathological Anatomy
study of gross and microscopic structural changes in the body caused by disease
Radiographic Anatomy
the study of internal structures of the body by means of x-ray images
Molecular biology
the study of the structure of biological molecules that provide the fundamental link between structure and function
Topics of physiology
Renal physiology, Neurophysiology, Cardiac physiology, other organ system physiology.
Superior
towards the head end or upper part of structure of the body
Inferior
Away from the head end or towards the lower part of a structure of the body; below
Anterior
towards or at the front of the body; in front of
Posterior
towards or at the back of the body; behind
Medial
towards or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
Lateral
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
Intermediate
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Proximal
closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Distal
farther from the origin of a body part of the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
Superficial (external)
towards or at the body surface
Deep (internal)
away from the body surface; more internal
Levels of Structural Organization
Circulatory System ( Cardiovascular System)
blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc.. heart pumps blood
Respiratory System
keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide the gaseous exchanges occur through the walls o the air sacs of the lungs
Nervous Systems
fast-acting control system of the body; responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands.
Oral and Digestive Cavity
teeth and tongue
Nasal cavity
part of the respiratory system passageways
Orbital cavities
eyes
Middle ear cavities
auditory bones
Synovial cavities
joint cavities with synovial fluid for joint lubrication
Abdominopelvic Regions
Umbilical, Epigastric, Hypograstic, Iliac (right/left), Lumbar (right/left), Hypochondriac
The Four Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Right Upper, Left Upper, Right Lower, Left Lower
Urinary System
eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body, regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
Digestive System
breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells; indigestible food are eliminated as feces
Integumentary System
forms the external body covering; protects deeper tissues from injury; synthesizes vitamin D; sight of cutaneous ( pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands
Skeletal System
protects and supports body organs; provides a framework the muscles use to cause moment. blood cells are formed within bones; stores minerals
Muscular System
allows manipulation of the environment locomotion and facial expression, maintains posture and produces heat
Endocrine System
glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
Lymphatic System/Immunity
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and return it to blood, disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream, houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity. the immune response mounts to attack against foreign substances within the body
Serous Membranes
Dorsal and Ventral Body Cavities and their Subdivisions
Homeostasis
maintenance of stable internal conditions; dynamic state of equilibrium
Homeostatic Control Mechanism
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Opposite directional change
Decrease in orignial stimulus
Nervous system controls
Endocrine system controls
Other system controls
Regional Terms (Posterior View)
Body Planes and Sections
Positive Feedback Mechanism
Same directional change
Increase in original stimulus
Cascade effect
Cardiovascular system control
Reproductive system control
Anatomical Position
Body facing forward; Palms facing out; thumbs pointing away from body
Regional Terms ( Anterior View)
Respiration
Involves both the respiratory and the circulatory systems
Four processes that supply the body with O2 and dispose of CO2
Pulmonary ventilation (breathing): movement of air into and out of the lungs
External respiration: O2 and CO2 exchange between the lungs and the blood
Transport: O2 and CO2 in the blood
Internal respiration: O2 and CO2 exchange between systemic blood vessels and tissues
Respiratory System: Functional Anatomy
Major organs
Nose, nasal cavity, and paranasal sinuses
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi and their branches
Lungs and alveoli