Abdomen (boundries, contents, & contrast)

cross-sectional anatomy

what are the methods of division of the abdomen?

(2 methods of division:)
-quadrant method
-regional method

with quadrant method \___________ line is midline

sagittal

with quadrant method \__________ line is thru umbilicus

transverse

how many sections does the regional method divide the abdomen into?

9

with regional method sagittal lines are where?

mid-clavicular

with regional method what are the transverse planes?

-transpyloric plane
-subcostal plane
-transtubercular plane

(regional method) transpyloric plane is at what level? what is it near?

-level of L1 vertebral body
-near the start of the lower infrarenal notch

(regional method) subcostal plane is at what level? what is it near?

-level of L3 vertebral body
-near the inferior border of the anterior rib cage

(regional method) transtubercular plane is at what level?

at level of iliac crest

abdomen regions top row

-right hypochondriac region
-epigastric region
-left hypochondriac region

abdomen regions middle row

-right lumbar region
-umbilical region
-left lumbar region

abdomen regions bottom row

-right iliac region
-hypogastric region
-left iliac region

right hypochondrium area contains

-liver
-gallbladder
-hepatic flexure

epigastrium region contrains

-stomach
-pancreas
-left lobe of liver

left hypochondrium region contains

-fundus of stomach
-spleen
-splenic flexure
-tail of pancreas

right lumbar region contains

-ascending colon
-right kidney

umbilical region contains

-transverse colon
-small bowel

left lumbar region contains

-descending colon
-left kidney

right iliac region contains

-cecum
-appendix

hypogastrium region contains

-small bowel

left iliac region contains

-descending colon
-sigmoid

what are the anatomic borders of the abdomen

-superior
-inferior
-posterior
-anterior
-lateral

the anatomic borders of the abdomen is covered by

fascia: sheet or band of tissue that surrounds muscle bundles

what is the superior border

diaphragm

-(crus)

definition of diaphragm

musclo-tendinous broad structure separating chest & abdominal cavities

the diaphragm arises from ...

right & left crus

right crus forms the ...

esophageal hiatus

right crus arises from ...

L1-L4

left crus arises from

L1-L3

left crus & right crus form ...

aortic hiatus

left crus & right crus both blend together to form \_______________ which pierces where?

a central tendon
which pierces right of midline by caval foramen

blood is supplied to the superior border by...

phrenic arteries

what is the nerve supply to the superior border?

phrenic nerves

phrenic nerves are at what vertebral level?

C3-C5

what is the inferior border

pelvis

what is the posterior border

-spine
-psoas muscle
-quadratus lumborum muscle
(muscles of deep back)

what is the anterior border?

-internal & external oblique muscles
-rectus abdominis muscle

-(linea alba)
-(linea semilunares)

where are the rectus abdominus muscles?

lie on either side of midline

what is the linea alba?

the midline portion between the rectus abdominus

what is the lateral border?

-inferior & external oblique muscles
-transversus muscle
(abdominal muscles)

parietal peritoneum lines the

abdominal cavity

parietal peritoneum extends \________________ to seprate what cavities?

extends inferiorly
to separate the pelvic & abdominal cavities

posteriorly the parietal peritoneum covers...

abdominal vessels & organs

anything anterior to the parietal peritoneum lining is ...

intraperitoneal

anything posterior to the parietal peritoneum lining is ...

retroperitoneal

mesentary definition

a double layer of peritoneum enclosing the intestines attached to posterior abdominal wall

mesentary also contains ...

arteries & veins of intestines

visceral peritoneum defintion

thin layer of peritoneum covering each of the organs in the intraperitoneal cavity

visceral peritoneum has small amount of ...

fluid that acts as lubricant for organ movement

The aorta and IVC are \_____________ to the parietal peritoneum & located in the ...

posterior,
located in the retroperitoneum

CT contrast

-dilute barium mixture
-iodinated contrast
-air

causes air fluid line, air rises to anterior when supine

MRI contrast

-air
-gadolineium

seen in retroperitoneal

ultrasound contrast

-water
-contrast agent

what is a sonohistrogram

ultrasound scan including injecting saline into vagina if questioning endometrial cancer, excess cell growth, polyps in endometrium, etc.

in a sonohistrogram what echogenicity would the saline/fluid be?

anechoic

in a sonohistogram what echogenicity would the endometrial polyps be?

hyperechoic