AP Psychology Units 3.2-3.6

Prenatal - Infant Dev. Stages

1. Zygote

2. Embryo

3. Fetus

4. Baby

Physical attributes of a baby

1. roll over

2. situp

3. crawls

4. walks

Teratogens

Harmful/toxic diseases or chemicals that affect baby’s development in the womb

Primary sex characteristics

Body structures, organs (ovaries, testes, external genitalia)

Secondary sex characteristics

non-reproductive sexual traits

(breasts, hips, body hair, voice)

gender role

expected societal behaviors, attitude, and traits

gender identity

personal sense of male, female, neither or some combination

Piaget Stages

1. Sensorimotor

2. Preoperation

3. concrete operational

4. formal operatonal

sensorimotor

From 0-2

motor skills, obj. permanence

Preoperation

From 2 - 6/7

egocentrism, conservation (diff shape cups), theory of mind, symbolism, false-belief test

Vygotsky

combined Piaget theory and societal impacts on development

scaffolding

Zone of proximal development

Concrete operational

From 6/7 - 11

logic, facts, maths

formal operational

12+

abstract and hypothetical thinking

Zone of Proximal Development (ZoPD)

Area between something already learned to something trying to be learnt

Scaffolding

Mentoring child to reach next developmental stage

Fills the gap within ZoPD

imprinting

Animals only

ducks imprint on first animal they see, treat it like parent

Phoneme

“Phone”, smallest distinctive sound

Morphemes

Smallest unit that carries meaning

Critical period

From 0-7 for language acquisition

Grammar

format of learning

Babies and younger children tend to overgeneralize in multi-word stage

Universal language stages

1. Cooing

2. Babbling

3. One-word speech

4. Telegraphic speech

Cooing

indiscriminate noises from babies, same sounds no matter what race

Babbling

6-8 months

Random noises a baby makes, tones reflect what language theyre exposed to

One-word speech

9-1.5 years

Single word senteneces, overgeneralization of language

Telegraphic speech

divided into two-word, early multiword, and later multiword