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What is chromatography?
Chromatography is a technique used to separate and identify different substances in a mixture based on their solubility in a solvent.
What are the stages of chromatography?
Mixture is placed on chromatography paper. 2. Solvent moves up the paper, carrying different substances at varying rates.
What is simple distillation?
Simple distillation is a method used to separate a liquid from a solution based on its boiling point, such as obtaining pure water from saltwater.
What is fractional distillation?
Fractional distillation is a process that separates multiple liquids with different boiling points, such as ethanol and water.
What is ionic bonding?
Ionic bonding occurs when a metal transfers electrons to a non-metal, resulting in the formation of positive and negative ions.
What are the properties of ionic compounds?
Ionic compounds typically have high melting and boiling points and can conduct electricity when melted or dissolved.
What is a covalent bond?
A covalent bond is formed when two non-metals share electrons, resulting in the formation of molecules.
What are the characteristics of covalent compounds?
Covalent compounds usually have low melting and boiling points and do not conduct electricity.
What is a metallic bond?
A metallic bond is the attraction between positive metal ions and a sea of delocalized electrons, allowing metals to conduct electricity.
What are the properties of metals?
Metals have high melting and boiling points and are good conductors of heat and electricity due to delocalized electrons.
What are simple molecular substances?
Simple molecular substances are composed of small molecules held together by weak intermolecular forces, e.g., H₂O and O₂.
What is the significance of solubility in chromatography?
Solubility affects how far substances travel in chromatography; more soluble substances travel further up the paper.
How does temperature affect distillation?
In distillation, different boiling points dictate which liquid evaporates first, allowing for separation based on temperature.
What are intermolecular forces?
Intermolecular forces are the forces of attraction between molecules, affecting properties like boiling and melting points.
