global challenges notebooklm terms

What is the primary aim of 'empirical feminism' in the study of global politics?

It seeks to add women to existing analytical frameworks, addressing their under-representation or misrepresentation in a discipline focused on male-dominated institutions.

How does 'analytical feminism' differ from 'empirical feminism'?

Analytical feminism highlights the gender biases that pervade the theoretical framework and key concepts of mainstream international theory, particularly realism.

According to feminist theory, what is 'structural violence'?

It is a form of violence that stems from social structures that perpetuate domination, oppression, or exploitation, as opposed to direct physical violence.

In feminist IR theory, what is the 'security paradox'?

It is the paradox that a build-up of military capacity designed to strengthen national security may be counterproductive by encouraging other states to adopt more hostile postures.

From a feminist perspective, what concept is often proposed as an alternative to 'national security' to better highlight women's concerns?

Human security, which refers to the security of individuals rather than states, encompassing threats like domestic violence, poverty, and environmental degradation.

What is 'gender mainstreaming'?

It is the attempt to incorporate gender perspectives into decision-making processes by requiring an analysis of the likely effects of decisions on women and men, respectively.

According to J. Ann Tickner's feminist critique of realism, power as domination and control privileges _____.

masculinity

What does the feminist concept of the 'patriarchal state' argue?

It argues that the state operates in and through patriarchy, meaning it is run by men for men, upholding the division of society into public and private spheres.

Feminist scholar Cynthia Enloe used the term '_____' to describe the idea that war is justified by the role of the male warrior protecting women and children.

protection myth

Concept: War Rape

Definition: Rape committed by soldiers, other combatants, or civilians during armed conflict or war, often used as a military strategy to demoralize or punish the enemy.

What is military sex work?

It is sex work that caters to, and is sometimes organized by, the military, often involving the systematic exploitation of women around military bases.

What term did Judith Butler popularize to describe gender as being acted out through learned ways of dressing, speaking, and behaving?

Performativity.

What is 'heteronormativity'?

The representation of heterosexual relations as the most 'normal' or acceptable model for sexual and family relationships, marginalizing LGBTQIA+ people.

What is 'Queer theory' in the context of global politics?

It is a radical rethinking of gender and sexuality that challenges heteronormative assumptions and explores how non-binary gender and sexual identities shape and are shaped by global politics.

In postcolonial queer theory, what does Jasbir Puar's concept of 'homonationalism' describe?

The deployment of LGBTQIA+ people and politics in nationalist and racist causes, such as representing non-Western societies as 'backward' on issues of gender and sexuality.

What is the core argument of the 'sceptical' perspective on globalization?

It contends that globalization is a highly exaggerated myth, and that primary forces like state power, geopolitics, and capitalism still determine world politics.

How does the 'transformationalist' view of globalization differ from the sceptical view?

Transformationalists argue that globalization is a historically unique and disruptive force that is reconfiguring how power is organized, distributed, and exercised in world politics.

The concept that globalization is shrinking geographical space and time through new technologies of mobility and communication is known as _____.

time–space compression

What does 'deterritorialization' mean in the context of globalization?

It is a process where social, political, or economic activities become disembedded from a specific place or locale as they are organized at transnational or global levels.

According to Amitav Acharya, the emerging post-Western global order can be described as a '_____ order', which is decentred, diverse, complex, and pluralistic.

multiplex

What are the three interrelated factors, or 'engines', that are often cited to explain globalization?

Technics (technology), economics (capitalism and markets), and politics (power, interests, and institutions).

In the study of world politics, what is an 'actor'?

The basic unit for analysis, which can be an individual or a group of people with common interests.

Concept: Sovereignty

Definition: The expectation that states have legal and political supremacy, or ultimate authority, within their territorial boundaries.

What condition is said to exist in the international system due to the absence of a central authority to make and enforce laws that bind all actors?

Anarchy.

What is the difference between cooperation and bargaining in international relations?

Cooperation is a positive-sum interaction where actors adopt policies to make at least one better off without making others worse off, while bargaining is a zero-sum interaction where one actor's gain is another's loss.

A _____ is a type of cooperative interaction in which actors gain from working together but have incentives to not comply with an agreement.

collaboration

What is a 'coordination' problem in cooperative interactions?

It is an interaction where actors benefit from all making the same choices and, once coordination is achieved, have no incentive to defect.

What are collective action problems?

Obstacles to cooperation that occur when actors have incentives to collaborate but each acts in anticipation that others will pay the costs of cooperation, leading to free-riding.

In bargaining, what is the 'reversion outcome'?

The outcome that occurs when no bargain is reached, which fundamentally influences an actor's willingness to make concessions.

What are the three basic ways actors can exercise power to shift the reversion outcome in their favor during bargaining?

Coercion, outside options, and agenda setting.

Concept: Institutions (in IR)

Definition: Sets of rules, known and shared by a community, that structure interactions in specific ways, such as setting standards of behavior and verifying compliance.

How do international institutions facilitate cooperation despite the condition of anarchy?

By setting standards of behavior, verifying compliance, reducing the costs of joint decision-making, and resolving disputes, thereby making self-enforcement easier.

What do rationalist theories like neorealism and neoliberalism assume about actors and their interests?

They assume actors are atomistic, self-interested, and rational, and that their interests are exogenously formed (prior to social interaction).

What is the core premise of constructivism in international relations?

It argues that actors and their interests are socially constructed, and that international reality is shaped by intersubjective norms, ideas, and identities.

Constructivists argue that agents and structures are _____, meaning that structures shape actors' identities and interests, while actors' practices maintain and transform those structures.

mutually constituted

According to Alexander Wendt, 'Anarchy is what _____ make of it.'

states

How does 'systemic constructivism', as exemplified by Alexander Wendt, differ from 'unit-level constructivism'?

Systemic constructivism focuses only on interactions between states at the international level, while unit-level constructivism concentrates on how domestic norms shape state identities and interests.

What is the fundamental concept of Marx's 'historical materialism'?

The idea that history is driven by the struggle to satisfy material needs, shaped by the forces and relations of production, leading to class conflict.

According to Marx, what is the primary engine of historical development?

Class struggle.

In Marxist theory, what is the expansionary logic of capitalism?

It is the inherent need for capitalism to constantly seek new markets and profits, leading to the globalization of economic activity and the breaking down of national barriers.

What did Lenin's theory of imperialism argue was the primary cause of World War I?

The desperate need for new outlets for surplus capital accumulated by dominant capitalist states, leading to interimperialist rivalry and war.

What concept, developed by Antonio Gramsci and applied to IR by Robert Cox, describes how global order is maintained through a combination of coercion and consent?

Hegemony.

According to Robert Cox, what is the difference between 'problem-solving theory' and 'critical theory'?

Problem-solving theory takes the existing world order for granted and seeks to make it work more smoothly, while critical theory questions the origins of that order and explores possibilities for transformation.

What is the 'Liberal International Order' (LIO)?

An order that has structured relations among capitalist democracies since the 1940s, based on principles of economic liberalism, political liberalism (democracy/human rights), and liberal internationalism (multilateral institutions).

The concept of '_____' describes the post-WWII compromise in the LIO that combined economic openness with robust domestic welfare states to shelter societies from market risks.

embedded liberalism

How does the LIO conflict with the principles of the 'Westphalian order'?

The LIO's principles, such as respect for human rights and the Responsibility to Protect, can contradict the Westphalian principles of state sovereignty and non-interference in domestic affairs.

What institutional form, according to John Ruggie, coordinates relations among states based on generalized principles of conduct, rather than particularistic interests?

Multilateralism.

What is the primary argument of the 'environmental policy paradigm,' and why is it being challenged?

It assumes a dichotomy between 'humans' and their 'environment' that needs protection; it is challenged by concepts like the Anthropocene, which emphasize the complete integration of humans and nature in socio-ecological systems.

What is the 'Anthropocene'?

A proposed new geological epoch in which humans have become a dominant force of planetary change, comparable in scale to natural forces like ice ages.

The concept of '_____' refers to threshold values in the planetary system that, if transgressed, could move parts of the earth system into a new state.

planetary boundaries

What new field of study and governance is proposed as an alternative to the 'environmental policy paradigm' to address the integrated challenges of the Anthropocene?

Earth system governance.

What is meant by 'interests' in the context of international relations?

The preferences of actors over the possible outcomes that might result from their political choices.

An interaction where actors must choose outcomes that make one better off at the expense of another is known as _____.

bargaining

The ability of Actor A to get Actor B to do something that B would otherwise not do is the definition of _____.

power

In neorealist theory, what are states primarily interested in, leading them to be 'defensive positionalists'?

Their own survival, which they ensure by maximizing their relative power.

What is the neorealist explanation for why international cooperation is difficult to achieve and sustain?

States fear that others will gain more from cooperation (relative gains), which could shift the balance of power and threaten their survival in an anarchic system.

Unlike neorealists, neoliberals argue that states are '_____', willing to cooperate as long as it promises gains in their own interests, regardless of how much others gain.

utility-maximizers

According to neoliberals, what role do international regimes or institutions play?

They help states overcome obstacles to cooperation under anarchy, such as fear of cheating and lack of information, by raising costs for cheating and increasing transparency.

The first wave of feminism focused primarily on what goal?

The campaign for female suffrage (the right to vote).

The 'second wave' of feminism, or the 'women's liberation movement', shifted focus to what area of change?

Radical cultural change and the transformation of family, domestic, and personal life, not just political reform.

Postcolonial feminism critiques mainstream Western feminism for what reason?

For representing 'women' as a homogenous bloc and privileging the experiences of white, middle-class women, ignoring how race and class intersect with gender.

According to Marxist feminism, how do patriarchy and capitalism interact?

They are seen as overlapping and interlocking systems of oppression, where the sexual division of labour serves the economic interests of capitalism.

According to the dependency theory, why do peripheral countries fail to industrialize?

Because exploitative alliances between dominant class interests in the core and periphery prevent industrialization, necessitating secession from the capitalist world economy for development.

What are the four core elements of sovereignty as an informal international institution?

(1) Ultimate authority over people/territory, (2) exclusion of other states from exercising authority, (3) indivisibility, and (4) formal equality of all sovereign units.

The concept that repeated interactions with the same partners can overcome the incentive to defect in the short term is known as _____.

iteration

What is 'linkage' in the context of fostering international cooperation?

The linking of cooperation on one issue to interactions on a second issue, where defection in one area can be punished by withdrawing cooperation in another.

How does 'agenda-setting power' provide leverage in bargaining?

It involves a 'first mover' advantage, where an actor takes actions prior to or during bargaining that make the reversion outcome more favorable for itself.

According to realist assumptions, under what conditions would military force become a plausible tool over economic issues among advanced countries?

In situations of dramatic conflict or revolutionary change, where realist assumptions about power politics would again become a reliable guide.

The 'belle époque' refers to which wave of globalization?

The second wave (1850–1914), characterized by the expansion of European empires and a high degree of global connectivity before World War I.

What are the three main internal challenges to the Liberal International Order identified in the source material?

1) Economic globalization creating winners and losers, 2) contradictions within liberalism (e.g., insulating policy-making from the public), and 3) challenges to national identity from universalist norms.

What distinguishes the 'Westphalian order' from the 'Liberal International Order'?

The Westphalian order is based on state sovereignty and non-interference, whereas the LIO modifies these principles with liberal values like human rights, democracy, and multilateral institutions.