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Demographic variables
Demographic tools for quantifying human population include:
Crude birth rate （CBR)
Crude death rate (CDR)
Total fertility rate (TFR)
Doubling time (DT)
Natural increase rate (NIR)
Crude birth rate
Total number of births/ Total population x100%
Total fertility rate
The average number of births per woman of childbearing age.
LEDCs have highest fertility rate
MEDCs tend to have lower fertility rate
Crude death rate
The number of deaths per thousand people in a population.
Factors that affect TFR
Level of education
Material ambition
Political factors
Family planning
Variations in mortality rates
Age structure
Social class
Occupation
Place of residence
Natural increase rate (NIR)
It is calculated by subtracting CDR from the CBR
Doubling time (DT)
The number of years needed for a population to double in size, assuming the natural growth rate remains constant.
70/NIR
The demographic transition model stage 1
High and variable
Birth and death rates are high
Population growth fluctuates
The demographic transition model stage 2
Early expanding:
Birth rate remains high but the death rate comes down rapidly.
Population growth is rapid
The demographic transition model stage 3
Late expanding
Birth rate drops and the death rate remains low
Population growth continues but at a smaller scale.
The demographic transition model stage 4
Low and variable
Birth rates and death rates are low and variable
Population growth fluctuates
The demographic transition model stage 5
Low declining
The birth rate is lower than the death rate
The population declines
Age sex pyramids
A wide base indicates a high birth rate
Narrowing base suggests falling birth rate
Straight or near vertical sides indicate a low death rate
Concave slopes characterize a high death rate
Bulges in the slope suggest baby rooms or high rates of immigration
Slices in the slope indicate emigration
High birth rate
A wide base
Falling birth rate
Narrowing base
Low death rate
Straight or near vertical sides
High death rate
Concave slopes
High rates or immigration
Bulges in the slope
The demographic transition model
Shows the change in population structure from LEDc to MEDcs
Influence on human population dynamics
Cultural
Historical
Religious
Social
Political
Economic
National population policies
Official government actions to control the population in some way.
International development plans
The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Eradicate poverty and hunger
Promote gender equality
Reduce child mortality
Ensure environmental sustainability.
Renewable natural capital
It can be generated or replaced as fast as it is being used.
Non renewable natural capital
Can only be replaced over geological time scale.
Types of ecosystem service
Supporting services:
-Primary productivity and the cycling of nutrients
Soil formation
Regulating services:
regulation of pests
Production of goods such as food
Provisioning services:
People obtain from ecosystem such as food, fuel and water.
Cultural services:
Education
Recreation and tourism
People interacts with nature
Dynamic nature
There are possibility that its status may change over time.
Electronic waste
The increase in e-waste is happening because there is so much technical innovation.
Composting
The decomposition of biodegradable material. It recycles organic household waste into a humus like soil. It give nutrients to the soil.
Disposal options for SDW
Landfill, incineration, recycling and composting
Landfill
It is cheap but it is not always healthy. And will runout.
Will have the risk of health problems:
Heart problems
Birth defects
Incineration
Burning
The heat can be used to generate electricity.
Dis:
Air pollution: carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide
The volume of traffic generated to move the waste to the incinerator.
Strategies for managing SDW
Cultural
Economic
Technological
Political barriers
Altering human activity:
Reduction of consumption and composting of food waste
Controlling release of pollutant:
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