Unit 2 BIO 181

Species

morphological, biological, phylogenetic

Population

members of the same species interacting in a given era

Phenotype

physical traits

Plasticity

flexibility

Phenotypic Plasticity

to adjust behavior quickly to better suit immediate environment, increase fitness

Fitness

How successful an individual is at reproducing, low or high

Natural Selection

process through which species adapt to their environment

Variation through natural selection

overproduction, variation, selection, adaption

Evolution through natural selection

There is variation, trait is heritable, there is differential reproduction

Differential Reproduction

Variants of a trait have different probabilities of surviving to reproduction

Study

does not have a control group

Experiment

has a control group

Selective Pressure

Factor in a population that allows organisms with certain genotype to reproduce more and pass on said genotype. (Favorited Genetics)

Evolutionary Medicine

Study of the root causes for why humans evolved the way we did

Vestigial Structure

Inherited from ancestor but no longer serving a function

Crown Group

monophyletic cladogram!

Genotype

Species unique sequence of DNA, holds genetic traits that carry functions

Coevolution

Form of natural selection in which two species evolve based on adaptations to each other.

Bacterial Diversity

Herbivores have the most, carnivores have the least. Based on the amount of fiber present.

If fiber decreases…

so does the number of microbe species

Niche

A 3-D aspect of a species needs in the environment for survival. (physical, environmental, time)

Evolution can only occur in…

populations

Evolution

Allelic frequency of a gene within a population has changed

Allele

Selection of DNA that codes for a gene

Emigration

Species leaving, less genetic diversity

Immigration

Species joining population, more genetic diversity

Gene Flow

Immigration and emigration of a population

Genetic Drift

Change in allelic frequency due to pure luck/chance, RANDOM!! (right place right time) or (wrong place wrong time)

Evolutionary Mechanisms

Natural Selection (nonrandom), Genetic Drift (random), Gene Flow (emigration, immigration) , Non Random Mating (Sexual selection, inbreeding)

Ortholog

Show that species are closely related

Paralog

Shows that species are distantly related

Fixation

An allele’s frequency takes over 100%, taking away genetic variation for the gene.

Bottleneck Effect

Population dies, remaining dew reproduce, making their genotypes the new dominant traits

Founders Effect

migrating population reproduces, a few generations later create a new “founder population”

Stabilizing Selection

against both extreme genetic traits

Directional Selection

For one extreme trait, and against the other

Disruptive Selection

For both extremes, and against moderate traits

Intrasexual Selection

Male competition to reproduce

Intersexual Selection

Female choice of sexual selection

Frequency of Genotype

(p^2, 2pq, q^2) What percent of people have BB, Bb, bb, OR a specific straight.

Frequency of Allele

(p,q) What percent of people have the dominant or recessive allele in them.

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

No Selection (all organisms favored equally)

No mutations

No migrations (in or out)

Large Population (good sample size)

Random Mating (no selective breeding)