Species
morphological, biological, phylogenetic
Population
members of the same species interacting in a given era
Phenotype
physical traits
Plasticity
flexibility
Phenotypic Plasticity
to adjust behavior quickly to better suit immediate environment, increase fitness
Fitness
How successful an individual is at reproducing, low or high
Natural Selection
process through which species adapt to their environment
Variation through natural selection
overproduction, variation, selection, adaption
Evolution through natural selection
There is variation, trait is heritable, there is differential reproduction
Differential Reproduction
Variants of a trait have different probabilities of surviving to reproduction
Study
does not have a control group
Experiment
has a control group
Selective Pressure
Factor in a population that allows organisms with certain genotype to reproduce more and pass on said genotype. (Favorited Genetics)
Evolutionary Medicine
Study of the root causes for why humans evolved the way we did
Vestigial Structure
Inherited from ancestor but no longer serving a function
Crown Group
monophyletic cladogram!
Genotype
Species unique sequence of DNA, holds genetic traits that carry functions
Coevolution
Form of natural selection in which two species evolve based on adaptations to each other.
Bacterial Diversity
Herbivores have the most, carnivores have the least. Based on the amount of fiber present.
If fiber decreases…
so does the number of microbe species
Niche
A 3-D aspect of a species needs in the environment for survival. (physical, environmental, time)
Evolution can only occur in…
populations
Evolution
Allelic frequency of a gene within a population has changed
Allele
Selection of DNA that codes for a gene
Emigration
Species leaving, less genetic diversity
Immigration
Species joining population, more genetic diversity
Gene Flow
Immigration and emigration of a population
Genetic Drift
Change in allelic frequency due to pure luck/chance, RANDOM!! (right place right time) or (wrong place wrong time)
Evolutionary Mechanisms
Natural Selection (nonrandom), Genetic Drift (random), Gene Flow (emigration, immigration) , Non Random Mating (Sexual selection, inbreeding)
Ortholog
Show that species are closely related
Paralog
Shows that species are distantly related
Fixation
An allele’s frequency takes over 100%, taking away genetic variation for the gene.
Bottleneck Effect
Population dies, remaining dew reproduce, making their genotypes the new dominant traits
Founders Effect
migrating population reproduces, a few generations later create a new “founder population”
Stabilizing Selection
against both extreme genetic traits
Directional Selection
For one extreme trait, and against the other
Disruptive Selection
For both extremes, and against moderate traits
Intrasexual Selection
Male competition to reproduce
Intersexual Selection
Female choice of sexual selection
Frequency of Genotype
(p^2, 2pq, q^2) What percent of people have BB, Bb, bb, OR a specific straight.
Frequency of Allele
(p,q) What percent of people have the dominant or recessive allele in them.
Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium
No Selection (all organisms favored equally)
No mutations
No migrations (in or out)
Large Population (good sample size)
Random Mating (no selective breeding)