Chapter 1-4 Questions

Studies that cannot ethically be conducted as experiments with typical human participants ________.

can sometimes be tested with animal studies

Which of the following is not part of obtaining informed consent?

explaining the hypothesis to the participants

Krista and Tatiana Hogan are participants in a(n) ________ of conjoined twins who are joined at the head.

case study

The fact that some well-known studies have been repeated without finding results consistent with those in the initial report describes a(n) __________ that is currently affecting research in psychology and other fields.

replication crisis

________ is a reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out of the study over time.

attrition

A(n) _________ variable is a factor that affects both variables of interest in research and may falsely give the impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

confounding

This organization, one of the largest professional groups of psychologists in the world, was founded in 1892.

The American Psychological Association

A group of preschool-age children are enrolled in a study that plans to follow them over time in order to assess behaviors and other characteristics that may predict later development of schizophrenia. This is an example of a(n) _________ design.

longitudinal

A(n) __________ is conducted in order to determine wether there are meaningful differences between two groups in a study.

statistical analysis

Dr. Mattar is interested in knowing more about brain injury to the occipital cortex, and he studies patients individually in order to gain in-depth knowledge about their behaviors. These studies would best be described as ________.

case studies

A(n) _________ is a well-developed set of ideas that proposes an explanation for observed phenomena.

theory

__________ (IRB) reviews research that involves the use of human participants.

Institutional Review Board

Sandra strongly believes that attending daycare is detrimental to children's development so she decides to write her psychology term paper on this topic. She does a literature search and finds several sources supporting her opinion, but she finds that the majority of research indicates that children attending daycare experience healthy development. She writes a paper using the sources that find negative associations with daycare attendance. This is an example of ________.

confirmation bias

Which correlation coefficient best represents a moderate relationship showing fewer anxiety symptoms in people who report higher life satisfaction?

-0.53

Psychological knowledge is advanced through a process known as _________, which involves a prescribed series of steps designed to achieve the desired knowledge.

the scientific method

Stan and Jerry are in a psychology course that requires them to repeat an experiment that researchers have conducted in the past, in order to determine whether they produce the same results. This is called __________.

replication

Which word is the most appropriate synonym for the term validity?

accuracy

_________ is an anthropologist who contributed to out understanding of chimpanzee behavior in the wild, using naturalistic observation.

Jane Goodall

The first woman to earn a PhD degree in psychology was __________.

Margaret Flow Washburn

Dr. Guttierez is examining a research question and has posted a hypothesis, but his student points out, "Dr. G., the assumption that you have made cannot be disproven no matter what data we gather!" This research study suffers from an absence of ________.

falsifiability

A series of dots arranged in the shape of a face will be perceived as a face, not a series of dots. A psychologist studying this phenomenon is applying the principals of ________.

Gestalt psychology

Which of the following choices refers to a broad explanation or group of explanations for some aspect of the natural world that is consistently supported by evidence over time?

Scientific theory

In looking at the area of multicultural psychology, what is a recognized deficit of this particular area of study?

It describes what happens between cultures, but not explain why those differences occur

Which of the following is a common requirement of a PhD across different schools and/or countries?

A disseration

Which of the following is one of the reasons that Gestalt psychology did not become more popular in the United States?

The rise of behaviorism overshadowed Gestalt psychology

Which choices is an accurate definition of a hypothesis?

A tentative explanation

Introspection refers to a process by which someone examines ________ as objectively as possible.

their own consciousness

A(n) _______, also known as an operant chamber, is an instrument that isolates an animal from the external environment and allows a researcher to control that animal's rewards and punishments

Skinner box

According to William James, what was the true purpose of psychology?

Study the function of behavior in the world

Who was the first African American to receive a PhD in psychology in the United States

Francis Cecil Sumner

Which kind of psychologist would be consulted in jury selection and witness preparation?

Forensic

Which of the following is an example of research someone might conduct in the area of health psychology?

Whether people working at a desk are more likely to be obese

Lucy wants to study changes in physical attributes, cognitive skills, moral reasoning, and social behavior across the lifespan. Lucy should specialize in _________ psychology.

Developmental

Which of the following is a criticism of structuralism?

The process was highly subjective

Oona wants to conduct research on personnel management, workplace environment, and what type of environment results in high levels of employee productivity and efficiency. Oona should conduct research in the area of ________ psychology.

Industrial-organizational

For which concept is Abraham Maslow best known?

Proposing a hierarchy of human needs in motivating behavior

Susan wants to study prejudice, attraction, how we explain our own behavior versus how we explain the behavior of others, and how we resolve interpersonal conflicts. Susan should conduct research in the area of ________.

Social psychology

In the study of personality, the __________ model includes different traits that are believed to underlie each individual's basic tendencies.

Five Factor

Functionalist psychologists focus on the function of behavior and _________.

The operation of the whole mind rather than the individual parts

Select the correctly ordered list of psychological perspectives, with the earliest perspective listed first.

Structuralism, functionalism, behavioralism, humanism

Hyperpolarization means that the ________.

membrane potential becomes more negative than the resting potential

The __________ nervous system is responsible for stimulating digestion and causing the bladder to contract.

parasympathetic

Changes in behavior and cognitive processes over time are studied by ________.

evolutionary psychologists

Kelsey had a CT scan that showed a tumor in the right frontal cortex. Which of the following behavioral symptoms most likely prompted the scan to take place?

motor skill deficits in the left side of her body

Which two neurotransmitters have roles in appetite suppression?

dopamine; norepinephrine

Which of the following areas is located in the frontal lobe of the brain?

Broca's area

________ is a state of equilibrium, in which biological conditions (such as body temperature) are maintained at optimal levels.

homeostasis

Which is the main type of chemical messengers secreted by the male gonads?

androgens

Wendy's mother has blue eyes and her father has brown eyes. The allele for brown eye color is dominant (B) to the allele for blue eye color (b), but Wendy has blue eyes. Therefore, Wendy's ________ must be ________ and her father's must be Bb.

genotype; bb

Ainsley is participating in a study that aims to determine whether the occipital cortex becomes more active in response to moving versus stationary stimuli. When she arrives at the lab, she ingests a "tracer" and then enters the scanning machine. What type of brain imaging is most likely being conducted in this study?

positron emission tomography (PET)

Parsons and her colleagues are doing a study comparing differences in brain activity levels between patients with schizophrenia and controls with no psychological disorders. Their hypothesis requires a high level of detail and good detection of differences over time. Which of the following is the best brain imaging technique to use?

functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

Which one of the following processes does not occur to excess neurotransmitters in the synapse?

collection by scavenger vesicles left over from the neurotransmitter release

The ________ is the difference in charge between the intracellular and extracellular space of a neuron.

membrane potential

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the case study of Phineas Gage's accident, which led to brain injury?

Injury to the brain causes changes in behavior, and specific brain areas are linked to particular behaviors.

The space between two neurons is called the ________.

synapse

________ asserts that our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with our genes to determine where within those boundaries we will fall.

range of reaction

Elaina has been diagnosed with a small brain tumor. She first went to see her doctor after experiencing symptoms such as feeling very cold, almost fainting, a reduced appetite, and reduced sexual desire. Which of the following structures is her tumor most likely affecting?

hypothalamus

Henry Gustav Molaison (H. M.) had brain surgery for which of the following reasons?

He had severe seizures.

Jeremy has Parkinson's disease, a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor skills. In addition to motor symptoms, Jeremy has noticed changes in his mood. It is likely that Jeremy's ________ is producing less ________ than it needs to.

substantia nigra; dopamine

The theory of ________ states that organisms that are better suited for their environment will survive and reproduce, while those that are poorly suited for their environment will die off.

evolution by natural selection

Tariq depends on cigarettes to relieve his stress, though he smokes so frequently that he experiences no significant, noticeable physical symptoms when he is not smoking. What does this exemplify?

psychological dependence

What occurs during stage 1 sleep?

both our respiration and heartbeat slow down

Sleepwalking, night terrors, and restless leg syndrome are all examples of________.

parasomnias

Obstructive sleep apnea occurs when ________.

an individual's airway becomes blocked during sleep

Most people are awake during the day and asleep at night because their ________ cycles are aligned with the outside world.

circadian

Shoresh suggests that Ted cluck like a chicken during the hypnosis not because he is experiencing an altered state of consciousness but because he is playing the role of a hypnotized person. This is a good example of the ________ theory of hypnosis.

social-cognitive

Mescaline is considered a(n) ________ drug because it results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

hallucinogenic

Which researcher believed that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer?

Rosalind Cartwright

Alcohol is considered a ________ because it tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

depressant

Mona lives on the east coast of the USA. She takes an overnight flight to the west coast to visit with family for a month; when she arrives she is fatigued, sluggish, and irritable. For the next week or so she has trouble sleeping. Mona is probably suffering from ________.

jet lag

Why can amphetamines be used to treat ADHD in children?

they increase neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control

In Freud's model of dreams, the hidden meaning of a dream is called the ________ content.

latent

________theory suggests that when people are hypnotized they have voluntarily divided their conscious: one half aware of reality and the other half tuned in to the hypnotist.

dissociative

Samek was driving to work when he suddenly felt paralyzed and couldn't resist falling asleep. Samek may have ________.

narcolepsy

Which of the following statements about sleep deprivation is false?

sleep deprivation has been found to lead to ADHD

Which of the following statements about rotating shift work is false?

it carries a much higher risk of leading to substance abuse

Crack is regarded as more addictive than cocaine because it is ________.

smokable, so it reaches the brain more quickly

Which of the following is a symptom of REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)?

kicking and punching while asleep

After Omar falls asleep he feels a sense of panic, screams, and attempts to escape from his room. Which parasomnia does Omar have?

night terrors

Victoria has accumulated a large sleep debt. This means that she ________.

suffers from chronic sleep deprivation