Week 1 - Osteology & Arthrology

What is Physiology?

A broad area of scientific inquiry that focuses on the biological function of living organisms.

What is Kinesiology?

Scientific study of human movement, performance and function

What is Osteology?

Is the scientific study of bones

What is Arthrology

is the science concerned with the anatomy, function, dysfunction and treatment of joints.

Functions of Skeleton

• Supporting framework for the body

• Attachment points for muscles

• Provides protection of vital organs

• Blood cell formation - red bone marrow produces red and white blood cells and platelets

• Mineral storage - calcium and phosphorus

• Bone is plastic

Relationship of Skeletal Muscle to Bones

• Skeletal muscles create movements by pulling on bones

• Bone serve as levers, and joints as fulcrums

Origins

• The anchor

Belly

• The meat

Insertion point

• The end point of the muscle to bone

Fulcrum (F)

• Elbow joint

What is #1?

Articular Cartilage

What is #2?

Spongy bone

What is #3?

Medullary Cavity

What is #4?

Nutrient Artery

What is #5?

Yellow Bone Marrow

What is #6?

Periosteum

What is #7?

Proximal epiphysis

What is #8?

Diaphysis

What is #9?

Distal epiphysis

What is the outer layer of bone called?

Compact bone

Epiphyseal Plate

A layer of cartilage where proliferating cells are gradually replaced by bone

Osteocytes

Widely separated cells & maintains bone tissue, surrounded by matrix

Matrix is about:

• 25% water

• 25% protein

  • mainly Collagen

• 50% minerals salts

  • Calcium carbonate

  • Calcium phosphate

How do bone remodel itself?

It changes due to response to mechanical stress or the absence of stress. i.e. bone is plastic

Osteoblasts

Forms bone matrix

Osteoclasts

Reabsorbs bone

Response to Activity

Bones of physically active individuals tend to be denser and therefore more mineralized than those of sedentary individuals of the same age and gender

How many bones in the body

206 bones

Long bones

Longer than they are wide. Ex: Femur, Humerus

Short bones

Wider than they are long. Ex: Carpals, Tarsals

Flat bones

Flat and broad surface. Ex: Sternum

Irregular bones

Bones that do not fit into any of the categories. More complex shapes. Ex: Vertebrae

Sesamoid bones

Small bone that forms in tendon. Ex: Patella

Adult Skull vs Baby Skull

• Adult Skulls are more developed and has less cartilage in the skull.

• More prominent than baby as well as longer chin and head

What is #1?

Parietal bone

What is #2?

Temporal Bone

What is #4?

Occipital Bone

What is #11?

Frontal bone

What is #16?

Zygomatic Bone

What is #17?

Maxilla

What is #9?

Mandible

What is #1 and #15?

Acromion

What is #9 and #14?

Coracoid process

What is #2 and #13?

Suprascapular notch

What is #5?

Subscapular fossa

What is #1 and #7?

Deltoid tuberosity

What is #2?

Greater tubercle

What is #3?

Lesser tubercle

What is #6?

Anatomical neck

What is #11?

Head

What is #5?

Surgical neck

What is #10?

Medial epicondyle

What is #9?

Lateral epicondyle

What are the bones of the hand/wrist?

• Carpals

• Metacarpals

• Phalanges

What are the main bones of the pelvic girdle

• Ilium

• Iliac fossa

• Acetabulum

• Ischium

• Iliac crest

• Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)

• Pubic symphysis

• Pubis

What is #1?

Head

What is #15?

Neck

What is #10?

Greater Trochanter

What is #11?

Medial condyle

What is #6?

Lateral condyle

What is #1?

Talus

What is #2?

Calcaneus

What are the main bones of the foot/ankle

• Tarsals

• Metatarsals

• Phalanges

Vertebral Column

• Provides support for the trunk and protects the spinal cord

• 33 vertebrae (26 distinct bones0

  • 5 segments

What makes up the spine?

• 7 Cervical

• 12 Thoracic

• 5 Lumbar

• Sacrum and coccyx

Facets (flat areas)

Located on the processes of the neural arches (synovial joint)

Intervertebral discs

Between the vertebral bodies (cartilaginous joint)

Main areas for intervertebral joints

• Pedicle

• Facet for head of rib

Intervertebral discs

Work as shock absorbers and allow slight movement so that the column is flexible and resilient

Scoliosis

• Lateral curvature of vertebral column

Kyphosis

Hump back - exaggerated posterior thoracic curve

Lordosis

Sway back - exaggerated anterior lumbar curve

Fibrous joint

Immovable

Cartilaginous joint

slightly moveable

Synovial joint

Freely movable

Synovial Joint Functions

• Lubricates the joint surfaces as they slide over each other during joint movement to reduce friction

• Supplies nutrients to, and removes waste products from, the cartilage cells which have no direct blood supply

Pivot Joint

Uniaxial joint, allows rotation. Ex: C1-C2 vertebrae

Hinge joint

Uniaxial joint, allows flexion/extension. Ex: Knee, elbow, ankle

Condyloid joint

biaxial joint, allows flexion, extension, abduction/ adduction and circumduction. Ex: Knuckle joints

Saddle joint

Biaxial joint, flexion/extension, abduction/ adduction and circumduction. Ex: Thumb

Plane joint

Multiaxial joint, inversion, eversion, flexion/extension. Ex: Vertebrae

Ball-and-socket joint

Multiaxial joint, flexion/extension, abduction/ adduction, circumduction and medial/ lateral. Ex: Shoulder and hip joints

Ligament

• Fibrous connective tissue that connects bone together

Tendon

• Fibrous connective tissue that joins muscle to bone

Bursa

• small sac or cavity filled with synovial fluid and located at friction points, especially joints

Sprain

Overstretching of ligaments

• 1st degree: fibers are stretched

• 2nd degree: partial tear of ligament

• 3rd degree: rupture of the ligament

Dislocation

Bones are displaced

• Ligaments are sprained and may even be torn in several cases. Blood vessels are often ruptured and nerves may be compressed

Subluxation

Partial dislocation

Bursitis

Inflamed bursae

Arthritis

Joint inflammation

Structural Limits to Flexibility

• Bony structure of the joint

• Ligaments

• Joint capsule

• Muscle tendon unit - muscle and its fascial sheaths (the elongation of this tissue)