Grade 10 Biology

Cell membrane

Separates inside of cell from external environment, and controls material flow

Cell Wall

Tough, rigid structure lying just outside plant cell membrane. Provides support.

Centrioles

Help in mitosis by moving chromosomes

Chloroplast

Trap energy from sun to make glucose, which is broken down in mitochondria to power a plant cell

Cytoplasm

Includes Cytosol, organelles, and other life-supporting materials such as sugar and water. Contained in cell membrane.

Cytoskeleton

Filaments and tubules that provide a framework for the cell, helping maintain structure and providing "tracks" for organelles and vesicles.

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of membrane-covered channels that transport materials, made in cell. Is connected to nucleus

Golgi apparatus

Sorts and packages proteins and other molecules for transport out of cell

Mitochondria

Where energy is released from glucose to fuel cell activities

Lysosome

Produced by Golgi apparatus, breaks down dead organelles.

Nucleolus

Makes ribosomes which help make proteins

Nucleus

Controls cell activities

Ribosome

Helps produce proteins which make up much of a cell's structure, and required for vital activities. Some float in cytoplasm and others are attached to the ER

Vacuole

Contain water and materials used to store or transport small molecules

Vacuole

Plant cells contain one large ______, while animal cells contain many small ones.

Cell Wall, Chloroplast

Organelles only found in plant cells

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the Cell

Cytosol

Cytoplasm contains a liquid called _______

Arm

Supports tube and connects to base

Base

Bottom of microscope for support

Lamp

Illuminates specimen

Stage

Flat platform to place slides

Diaphragm

Controls amount of light entering hole in stage

Stage opening

Opening in stage to let in light

Clips

Hold slide in place

Objective lens

Lower lens which is magnified by eyepiece

Revolving nosepiece

Rotating part of microscope below body tube to hold lenses

Body tube

Holds eyepiece, connects to objective lenses

Eyepiece

Upper lens that you look through

Coarse adjustment knob

Knob to move stage or top of microscope up or down

Fine adjustment knob

Knob to fine tune focus after moving coarse knob

Coarse

The _______ knob is moved first

10

Magnification factor of medium power objective lens

40

Magnification factor of high power objective lens

4

Magnification factor of low power objective lens

10

Magnification factor of eyepiece

40

Total magnification with a low (4x) power objective lens

400

Total magnification with a high (40x) power objective lens lens

100

Total magnification with a medium (10x) power objective lens

Nuclear Membrane

Surrounds nucleus

Nuclear pores

Openings in nuclear membrane

Ribosomes

Rough ER has _______ around it

Spontaneous Generation

Aristotle believed in ________

cells, fundamental unit, cells

Cell theory:

All living things composed of one or more ______,

Cell is the _________ _____ of life,

All cells come from pre-existing _____

Plant cell

Type of cell

Animal cell

Type of cell

Chloroplast

Cell structure that converts light into energy

DNA

Genetic information in nucleus

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Mailing system of the cell

Golgi apparatus

Packaging department of cell

Growth, repair, reproduction

3 reasons cells divide

Cell cycle

All stages of cell's life

Interphase

First part of cell cycle

Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Second part of cell cycle

Interphase

Longest stage of cell cycle

First Gap Phase

First stage of Interphase

Synthesis Phase

Second stage of Interphase

Second Gap Phase

Third stage of Interphase

G1

Stage of interphase where cells grow in size

S

Stage of interphase where DNA is replicated

G2

Stage of interphase where cells prepare for division

Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase

Stages of Mitosis

Nucleus

Location of chromosomes

46

Number of chromosomes in a human cell

true

True or false: when dividing, each daughter cell receives the same genetic material

DNA, Proteins

Chromosomes are made of

Prophase

Mitosis stage in which:

- chromatin condenses

- sister chromatids are formed

- centrioles move to each pole

- nucleolus disappears

- nuclear membrane breaks down

Metaphase

Mitosis stage in which:

- Spindle fibres attach to centromere

- Chromosomes line up at metaphase plate

Centrioles

Centrosomes contain:

Centromere

Point of intersection of sister chromatids

Sister Chromatids

This chromosome is made up of two:

Anaphase

Mitosis stage in which:

- Spindle fibres shorten

- Sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles

- Cell starts to pinch

g0

Phase during which cells can no longer divide

Telophase

Mitosis stage in which:

- Cell membrane pinches inwards fully

- Nuclear membrane re-forms

Plant

After division of ______ cells, the cell size is halved

Cytokinesis

Cytoplasm splitting in half and moving to two daughter cells

Anaphase, telophase

Cytokinesis lasts during which phases of mitosis?

Mitosis

Duplication of nuclei

Necrosis

Cells dying due to external factors

Apoptosis

Controlled death of old cells

Prophase

Phase of mitosis

Metaphase

Phase of mitosis

Anaphase

Phase of mitosis

Telophase

Phase of mitosis

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

4 types of tissue in human body

Tissue

Group of cells similar in shape that work together to perform a specialized function

Epithelial

Tissue that lines surfaces of body, like skin or intestine lining

Nervous

Tissue that carries signals through neurons

Muscle

Tissue that changes shape by relaxing and contracting to affect body movement

Connective

Tissue that strengthens, supports, binds, or connects cell tissues (in animals)

Connective

Type of tissue made up often by bone, fat, or blood cells

Nervous

Type of tissue made up by neurons

Muscle

Type of tissue made up by myocytes (muscle cells)

Epithelial

Type of tissue made up often by skin/epidermal cells

Dermal, ground, vascular, meristematic

4 types of tissue systems in plants

Dermal

Tissue that protects plants from injury and water loss (often made up by epidermal and guard cells)

Ground

Tissue that stores produced carbohydrates in plants, and photosyntesizes (made up by cells such as parencyma and sclerenchyma)

Vascular

Tissue that transports water, minerals, and nutrients in plants (made up by cells such as Xylem and Phloem)

Cancer

Group of diseases that results in uncontrolled cell division that leads to the formation of a tumor

Tumor

Lump of cells that continues to divide without a purpose