All Unit Vocabulary

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70 Terms

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learning
process of acquiring new + relatively enduring info/behaviors (263)
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associative learning
learning that certain events occur together (264)
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classical conditioning
associate two stimuli to anticipate events (264)
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operant conditioning
associate behavior and consequence(s) (264)
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stimulus (stimuli)
event/situation that evokes response (264)
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cognitive learning
acquire mental info, by using observational learning, that guides behaviors (265)
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observational learning
learning from others’ experiences (265)
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behaviorism
the view that (1. psych should be an objective science) vs (2. psych studies behavior w/o reference to mental processes) [266]
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habituation
organism’s decreasing response to stimulus w/ repeated exposure to it (264)
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neutral stimulus (NS)
elicits no response, BEFORE conditioning (266)
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unconditioned stimulus (US)
naturally/automatically triggers a response (267)
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unconditioned response (UR)
unlearned/natural occurring response to unconditioned stimulus (US) (267)
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conditioned stimulus (CS)
neutral stimulus ALONE now produces conditioned response (CR) (267)
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conditioned response (CR)
the learned response to previously neutral stimulus (NS)
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acquisition
(1. CC: initial stage when NS links to US, making it a CS) (2. OC: strengthening of reinforced response) \[268\]
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higher-order conditioning
after already being conditioned w/ first CS, one conditioning experience is paired w/ new NS creating a, usually weaker, CS (267)
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extinction
diminishing/diminished CR after repeatedly occurring CS, but no expected outcome (269)
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spontaneous recovery
reappearance (after pause) of an extinguished CR (269)
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generalization
(once CR established) tendency to respond to stimuli that’s similar to CS (269)
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discrimination
learned ability to distinguish between CS and other irrelevant stimuli (270)
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operant conditioning
behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcer OR diminished if followed by punisher (275)
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law of effect (Edward L. Thorndike)
behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely / behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely (275)
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operant chamber/Skinner Box
box w/ animal in it ; box includes things for animal to manipulate to obtain food/water/reinforcer, devices to record actions
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discriminative stimulus
stimulus that elicits response after association w/ reinforcement (277) / specific cue that signals individual that particular behavior will be reinforced/punished (Golden Steps ABA)
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shaping
reinforcers guide actions toward desired behavior, utilize method of successive approximations (278)
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reinforcement
any event that encourages behavior it follows / strengthens AKA increases frequency of a response (276)
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positive reinforcement
add desirable stimulus/increasing behavior by presenting positive reinforcers (277-278)
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negative reinforcement
remove aversive/unwanted stimulus/increasing behavior by stopping or reducing negative event (278)
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primary reinforcer
unlearned, innately reinforcing stimulus; like one that satisfies a biological need (278)
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conditioned/secondary reinforcer
gains reinforcing power thru association w/ primary reinforcer (278)
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partial/intermittent reinforcement
reinforcing response only some of the time; not always, but not never (279)
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continuous reinforcement
reinforcing desired response every time it occurs (more prone to extinction if not constant) [279]
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reinforcement schedules
pattern that defines how often a desired response will be reinforced (279)
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fixed-ratio schedules
reinforce behavior after a set \# of responses (279)
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variable-ratio schedules
behavior is reinforced after random \# of responses (Simple Psychology)
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fixed-interval schedules
reinforces response only after a specific time has passed/elapsed (280)
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variable-interval schedules
reinforces response at random, unpredictable time intervals (280)
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punishment
event that decreases behavior it follows (281)
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positive punishment
administer aversive (unwanted) stimulus (281)
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negative punishment
withdraw/take away a rewarding stimulus (281)
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respondent behavior
behavior that occurs as automatic response to stimulus (289)
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operant behavior
associate one’s own behaviors in environment to produce rewarding/punishing stimuli (289)
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biofeedback
system for electronically recording, amplifying, feeding back info\-- regarding a physiological state (ex. blood pressure, muscle tension) [289]
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observational/social learning
learning by observing others, learning w/o direct experience (304)
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modeling
process of observing and then imitating specific behavior (304)
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vicarious reinforcement/punishment
after observing good/bad consequences from others, subject will be more OR less likely to imitate the same behavior (304)
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mirror neurons
frontal lobe neurons that are believed to fire up when performing certain actions OR when observing another doing so (305)
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theory of mind
brains enable their empathy and their ability to infer another’s mental state (307)
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prosocial behavior
positive, constructive, helpful behavior (307)
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behavior modeling
ppl can observe skills being modeled effectively by experienced workers/actors simulating them (307)
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taste aversion
if sickened after trying new food, they will avoid it thereafter (293)
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instinctive drift
animals revert to their biologically predisposed patterns (296)
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cognitive processes
thoughts, perceptions, expectations (296); series of chemical + electrical signals that occur in brain that allow one to comprehend environment and gain knowledge (indeed.com)
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latent learning
learning becomes apparent only when there is incentive to demonstrate (297)
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insight (learning)
sudden realization of a problem’s solution / little to no systematic interaction w environment (297)
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intrinsic motivation
desire to perform behavior effectively for own sake (297)
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extrinsic motivation
desire to perform behavior to receive rewards or avoid punishment (298)
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overjustification
overuse of bribes, leading one to see their actions as externally controlled rather than internally appealing (297)
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cognitive map
mental representation of layout of environment (297)
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coping
alleviating stress using emotional, cognitive, or behavioral methods (298)
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problem-focused coping
alleviate stress directly by changing stressor/the way one interacts w it (298)
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emotion-focused coping
alleviate stress by avoiding/ignoring stressor + attending to emotional needs related to one’s stress (298)
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learned helplessness
hopelessness + passive resignation that an organism learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events (299)
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self-control
ability to control impulses + delay short term gratification for greater long term rewards (301)
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external locus of control
perception that fates are determined by chance/outside forces beyond one’s personal control (300)
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internal locus of control
perception that one controls their own fate (300)
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rote learning
repetition and memorization
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abstract learning
utilization of Rote Learning; skill gained by insight/understanding
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mechanical solution
achieved by trial and error
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solution by understanding
deeper comprehension of problem