SBI3U Internal Systems Review

Digestive Tract

Passageway that extends from the mouth to the anus

Enzyme

a catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions in living cells

Amylase

Enzyme that breaks down starch

Mucus

Protection secretion made by the epithelial cells that form the mucous membrane

Esophagus

Organ consisting of muscular tube that passes food from the pharynx to the stomach

Peristalsis

Rhythmic, involuntary contractions of the circular and longitudinal muscles of the digestive tract

Sphincter

Circular muscle that contracts to close an opening in the body

Chyme

Semi-liquid mix of food and gastric juice

Pepsin

Protein-digesting enzyme produced in the stomach

Villus

Small, finger-like projection of small intestine mucosa

Lipase

Enzyme that digests lipids

Bile

Substance that emulsifies fats for faster breakdown by lipases, made by liver

Rectum

Where feces are stored

Anus

Opening at lower end of large intestine through which digestive wastes are eliminated from body

Egestion

Removal of waste food materials from body

Feces

Undigested material eliminated from body

Atrium

Chamber of the heart that receives blood

Ventricle

Chamber of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart

Septum

A wall of tissue that divides the heart into 2 parts

Pulmonary circuit

Part of the circulatory system that delivers blood to the lungs

Systemic circuit

Part of the circulatory system that delivers blood around the body

Erythrocyte

Red blood cell

Platelet

Cell fragment in the blood that is necessary for blood clotting

Aorta

Largest blood vessel in body, connected directly to heart; aorta branches into arteries that carry oxygenated blood to body tissues

Arteriole

Smallest artery, smooth muscle in its walls

Venule

Smallest vein; formed by merging of capillaries

Systolic pressure

Blood pressure in arteries when heart contracts

Diastolic pressure

Blood pressure in arteries when heart relaxes

Semilunar valve

Valve located between left ventricle and the aorta and the right ventricle and the pulmonary arteries to prevent the backflow of blood when the ventricles relax

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Heart's pacemaker

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Sends the signal for the ventricles to contract

Electrocardiogram

A recording of the electrical activity of the heart

Gas exchange

Processes whereby the body cells obtain oxygen and get rid of carbon dioxide

Trachea

Tube leading from the mouth toward the lungs

Bronchus

One of two main branches of trachea that lead toward lungs

Bronchiole

Tiny branch of a bronchus that connects to cluster of alveoli

Alveolus

Tiny sac at the end of a bronchiole that forms the respiratory membrane

Diaphragm

Large sheet of muscle found beneath the lungs that is the primary muscle in breathing

Intercostals

muscles between the ribs

Pleural membrane

Thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the thoracic cavity

Tidal volume

Volume of air that can be inhaled or exhaled during an involuntary breath

Inspiratory reserve volume

Extra volume of air that can be inhaled forcibly

Expiratory reserve volume

Extra volume of air that can be exhaled forcibly

Residual volume

Volume of air still in the lungs after a forced exhalation

Vital capacity

Maximum amount of air that can be inhaled or exhaled

Hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells that bonds with oxygen and enables the transport of oxygen around the body

Liver

Organ that produces bile

Valves

Controls the flow of blood in the veins

Left ventricle

Chamber of the heart that has the most muscular walls

Pulmonary artery

Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs

Pulmonary vein

Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

Organic molecules

molecules that contain carbon and hydrogen

Monosaccharides

glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides

sucrose, lactose, maltose

Polysaccharides

Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides

Polypeptide

long chain of amino acids that makes proteins

triglyceride

a lipid made of three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol molecule

mechanical digestion

Part of digestion that uses movement and muscles to break down food

chemical digestion

Enzymes break down food into smaller molecules

chyme

the pulpy acidic fluid that passes from the stomach to the small intestine, consisting of gastric juices and partly digested food.

bolus

a small rounded mass of a substance, especially of chewed food at the moment of swallowing.

churning

vigorously mixing in the stomach

duodenum

first part of the small intestine

accessory organs

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Factors that affect enzyme

temperature and pH

Ulcer

a sore in the lining of the stomach

diabetes

A condition in which the body is unable to produce enough insulin, the hormone required for the metabolism of sugar

Cirrhosis

scarring of the liver

Hepatitis

inflammation of the liver

internal respiration

Exchange of gases between cells of the body and the blood

external respiration

exchange of gases between lungs and blood

Inhalation

the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward

exhalation

the act of forcing out air as the diaphragm relaxes and pushes upwards

pneumonia

An inflammation of lung tissue, wherer the alveoli in the affected areas fill w/fluid

cystic fibrosis

A genetic disorder that affects the lungs and other organs, characterized by difficulty breathing, coughing up sputum, and lung infections

asthma

A chronic allergic disorder characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing.

arteriosclerosis

hardening of the arteries

aneurysm

ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall

stroke

Damage to the brain from interruption of its blood supply.

Hemophilia

A hereditary disease where blood does not coagulate to stop bleeding

arrhythmia

Abnormal heart rhythm

Benedict's test

A biochemical test for the presence of monosaccharides

Iodine test

Test for starch

Biuret test

A biochemical test for the presence of proteins.

Brown paper test

test for lipids