Chapter 1 FINAL Objectives

Levels of biological organization (from largest to smallest)

1. biosphere

2. ecosystems

3. communities

4. populations

5. organisms

6. organ systems

7. organs

8. tissues

9. cells

10. organelles

11. molecules/atoms

What is a eukaryotic cell?

A eukaryotic cell has membrane-enclosed organelles, the largest is usually the nucleus.

What is a prokaryotic cell?

A prokaryotic cell is smaller and does not contain a nucleus or other membrane-enclosed organelles.

What’s something eukarytoic and prokaryotic cells have in common?

Both have DNA (free floating or enclosed in a nucleus), cytoplasm (to hold the organelles in place), and ribosomes (proteins).

Define DNA

DNA stands for deoxyribonucleic acid. It is the genetic material within a cell and is enclosed in a chromosome.

Define Genes

Genes are units of inheritance.

Define gene expression

Gene expression is the process of converting information from gene to product

Define genome

Genome is the entire “library” or set of genetic instructions.

Define proteomics

Proteomics is the study of the whole sets of proteins in one or more species.

Define proteome

Proteome is the entire “library” or set of proteins expressed y a given cell, tissue, or organ

Define bioinformatics

Bioinformatics is the use of computational tools to process a large volume of data very rapidly.

Define producers

Producers are photosynthetic organisms.

Define consumers

Consumers are organisms that feed on other organisms or their remains

List the Domains and Kingdoms of life

Domains:

• Domain of Bacteria

• Domain of Archaea

• Domain of Eukarya

Kingdoms:

• Domains of Bacteria and Archaea: all prokaryotes include the domain of bacteria and archaea

  • Domains of Eukarya: Plantae, fungi, animala, protist

The domains of bacteria and archaea include ____

Prokaryotes.

What kingdom falls under plants in domain of eukarya and what is their function?

Plantae is the kingdom and they produce their own food.

What kingdom falls under fungi in domain of eukarya and what is their function?

Fungi is the kindom and it absorbs nutrients.

What kingdom falls under animals in domain of eukarya and what is their function?

Animalia is the kindgom and they ingest their food.

What kingdom falls under protists in domain of eukarya and what is their function?

Protists is the kingdom and they are diverse eukaryotes, mostly single-celled, classified into several groups, and are less closely related to other protists than they are to plants, animals, or fungi.

How are organisms unified?

Organisms are unified under the diversity of life. DNA and fossils are common ways organisms are unified yet diverse.

Define fossil record

Fossil record is the history of life as documented by fossils.

Define fossils

Fossils are preserved remnats or impressions of an organisms tha tlive din the past

Explain the main points of Darwin’s theory of evolution

Species showed eveidence of “descent with modification” from common ancestors. “Natural selection” is the mechanism behind descent with modification.

Explain natural selection

Natural selection is when the natural environment “selects” for the propagation of beneficial traits. It is a mechanism of evolution that causes species to change and diverge over time.