language and power

english language paper 2

fairclough

influential and instrumental power

influential power

advertisements, politics, media. relies on acceptance of power

instrumental power

law, education. if we resist there is penalty

legal power

legal jargon gives power as can be intimidating

political power

language of politicians

education power

school, college, uni

sinclair and coultard

initiation, response, feedback

interactional speech

purpose is to communicate and create relationships

transactional speech

purpose is to get something done

small talk

establishing relationships and to be polite

oppressive discourse strategies

not trying to hide that you are controlling the conversation

repressive discourse strategies

indirectly trying to control the conversation

asymmetry in address

superior person can create symmetry by giving access to use first name

adjacency pairing

one utterance to the next without pausing

conversational floor

holding the conversation

jargon

language used in a particular group

plain english campaign

advises organisations to not use jargon

graphology

design can give idea of power

appearance

confidence can show power

accent and dialect

standard english has more prestige

fairclough

critical discourse analysis. texts that appear to be neutral are hidden with ideological significance.