Critical thinking

rational supply

rational support

if all the premises are true then the conclusion is more likely to be true

inferential strength

the degree to which the premises support the conclusion in an argument.

ego deception

engird too low like to struggle reasoning

belief perseverance

the tendency to maintain beliefs despite contradictory evidence.

rationalisation

retrospectively provide reason for a belief held on irrational ground

evidence primary effect

the way in which its put infant of us affects our conclusion

anchoring effect

conclusions we draw depend on previous experiences

status quo bias

give greater weight to views that are already widely accepted

conformation bias

notice evidence for our preexisting beliefs

argument

a set of propositions exactly one of which is the conclusion and the rest are premises that provide rational support for the conclusion

inferentially strong

if the premise was true the conclusion would be more likely to be true

deductively valid

if the premisesare true, the conclusion must also be true.

inductively song

if the premises are true, the conclusion is likely to be true but not guaranteed.

focus

rational strength of the argument depends only on the actual premises of that argument

soundness

in case it is inferentially strong and all the premises are true

infallibility

if a person resins for believing something leave open the possibilities their beliefs are false then do not take their belief to be

persuasive argument

case where people who are presented with the premises and don’t already believe the conclusion are likely to believe it

what do basin lessons teach us

prior probability, marginal probability, probability of a given b

hypothesis

a proposition whose truth is under consideration

evidence

for a proposition a anything s knows that should increase the confidence in a

conclusive evidence

s’s evidence a for a proposition b is conclusive just in case it is impossible for s to have a and for b to be false.

consequences of evidence

evidence is not just how things seem to us, physical objects are not evidence, we cants have false evidence, we can have evidence we do not use, not all evidence is conclusive

evidence test

is b more likely to be true if h is true or if h is false

first rule of evidence

if we get evidence for h then we should be more confident that h is true

strength test

how many times more likely is b to be true if h is true then if h is false

counterfactual test

would the things I know still be true if some alternative hypothesis was true

samples

common ways for statistical arguments to be weakened

law of large numbers

larger sample means more likely to be representative

selection effects

underrepresentive means unreliable

principle of proportional ink

when a region is shaded t represent numerical value it is directly proportional

argument indicators

premis; because since conclusion; therefore, hence, so, thus

rhetoric

the art of persuasive speaking or writing, often utilizing various techniques to influence an audience.

rhetoric expressions

that convey persuasive techniques and appeal to an audience's emotions or logic.

antimetabole

repeating but reversing the order of words

anaphora

the repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses or sentences.

apophasis

a rhetorical device that brings up a subject by either denying it or ignoring it.

implicit premis

an unstated assumption that is essential for an argument to hold.

soft generalisation

a generalisation that is not intended to be read strictly

hard generalisation

intended to be read strictly

restricted generalisation

a generalisation that applies only to a specific set of circumstances or conditions.

conditions

the dependence of one state of affairs on another

indicative condition

the truth of one thing depends on another, if… then

counterfactual condition

if one thing were true then something else would be true

principle of charity

if the same argument can be interpreted in different ways we should asses the strongest interpretation

fallacy

a type of persuasive but unsound argument either inferentially weak or unsound appeals to system 1

base rate fallacy

making an inference between portions whilst ignoring the absolute number

straw man fallacy

a’s argument relies on the premises p p is false, a’s conclusion is false the still man can be used against it

appeal to authority fallacy

a logical fallacy that occurs when someone argues that a claim is true simply because an authority figure endorses it, rather than providing valid evidence.

practical person fallacy

a fallacy that occurs when someone dismisses an argument or idea as impractical without addressing its merits or evidence.

raising the bar fallacy

a logical fallacy where one party sets excessively high standards for the other party's argument, making it difficult or impossible to meet.

appeal to the majority fallacy

a logical fallacy that occurs when a claim is deemed true or acceptable simply because it is widely held or believed by the majority, rather than based on evidence or reasoning.

appeal to popularity fallacy

a fallacy that occurs when something is considered true or better simply because many people believe it to be so, rather than based on factual evidence. some positive influence

appeal to ancient wisdom fallacy

a logical fallacy that assumes a claim is true or valid simply because it is based on ancient beliefs or practices, rather than on current evidence or reasoning.

ad hominem fallacy

a logical fallacy that attacks a person's character or personal traits instead of engaging with their argument or position. This undermines rational debate by diverting attention from the issue at hand.

ad hominem circumstancial fallacy

a variation of the ad hominem fallacy that argues a person's circumstances or motives invalidate their argument, rather than addressing the argument itself.

extensional definition

A definition that describes a term by listing the specific examples or instances it includes, rather than explaining its qualities or characteristics.

ostenive definition

A definition that explains a term by providing examples or demonstrating its use in specific contexts.

intentional defintion

A definition that specifies a term by outlining its essential qualities or characteristics, rather than by listing examples.

vauge term and ambiguous term

harder to asses

liar

concerned with truth values and the act of intentionally deceiving others.

bullshit

a term used to describe language or ideas that are insincere, misleading, or lacking in truth.