Biology: B1: Cell structure and transport

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Nucleus

Controls all of the activities of the cell

Also includes the DNA or genes on the chromosomes, along with the instructions for making proteins for new cells

Ribosomes

Where protein synthesis takes place, making all of the proteins needed in the cell

Mitochondria

Where aerobic respiration takes place for releasing energy for the cell.

The folded membranes inside it increase the surface area for respiration to take place

Chloroplasts

Contains chlorophyll, which absorbs sunlight and helps the plant to photosynthesise

Lysosomes

Breaks down excess/worn-our organelles using digestive/hydrolytic enzymes

Plasma membrane

Controls what substances enter and leave the cell

Cell wall

Made of cellulose that strengthens the cell and gives it support

Vacuole

Filled with cell sap, keeps cells rigid to support the plant

Prokaryote

A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus.

It's DNA is suspended freely in the cytoplasm

Eukaryote

An organism that contains a nucleus.

Passive transport

The movement of substances across a cell that doesn't use energy

Active transport

The movement of substances across a cell that does use energy

Hypotonic

When a solution has a lower concentration of solutes than another solution

Hypertonic

When a solution has a higher concentration of solutes than another solution

Isotonic

When the concentration of two solutions is the same