APES ch 12

studied byStudied by 6 people
5.0(1)
Get a hint
Hint

what is happening even tho the world is producing more grains than ever before?

1 / 92

flashcard set

Earn XP

Description and Tags

93 Terms

1

what is happening even tho the world is producing more grains than ever before?

per person it still abt the same -→ produce more as pop grow to be same per capita

New cards
2

grain production limiting factors

  • limit to irrigation, fertilizer, pesticides

  • loss of topsoil, agricultural land

  • salinization of the soil

New cards
3

1st green revolution

1950-1970 USA & Eur

  • monocultures

  • large unput of pesticides

  • water

  • fertilizers

New cards
4

2nd green revolution

1967-1985

  • plant fast growing

  • high yield varieties that can grow on less land

New cards
5

gene revolution

  • GMF - genetically modified food

  • old way of doing things … artificial selection or cross breeding

  • critics fear we know too little abt long term potential harm to human & economic health from GMF

  • controversy over legal ownership of GM crop varieties & if GMFs should be labeled

New cards
6

how much of the world’s GM crops are produced by the USA?

70%

New cards
7

where is mandatory labeling of GMF required?

Europe, Japan, Australia, Canada

New cards
8

is mandatory labeling of GMF required in the USA?

no

New cards
9

what is meat produced by?

  • abt 1/2 world’s meat produced by livestock grazing on grass

  • other 1/2 under factory-like conditions (feedlots)

New cards
10

what are densely packed livestock fed?

grain or fishmeal (corn)

New cards
11

what reduced harmful enviro impacts of meat production?

eating more chicken & less beef & pork -→ energy going into grain

New cards
12

kg grain needed per kg of bod weight

  • beef cattle: 7

  • pigs: 4

  • chicken: 2.2

  • fish (catfish/carp): 2

New cards
13

water needed for producing meat (by 1 lb -→ if including water for growing feed, drinking, cleaning farmlands)

  • beef: 1857 gal

  • pork: 756 gal

  • chicken: 469 gal

New cards
14

what is the world’s fastest, largest type of food production?

raising #s of fish & shellfish in ponds/cages → aquatic feedlots

New cards
15

fish farming

raising fish in controlled enviro/harvest them

New cards
16

fish ranching

form of aquaculture in which a population of a fish species (such as salmon) is held in captivity for the first stage of their lives, then released, and later harvested as adults when they return from the sea to their freshwater birthplace to spawn

  • ex: salmon

New cards
17

aquaculture pros

  • increased efficiency

  • high yield in small volume of water

  • can reduce overharvesting of conventional fisheries

  • lower fuel use

  • higher profits

New cards
18

aquaculture cons

  • needs higher inputs of land, feed, water

  • higher waste output

  • destroys mangrove forests & estuaries

  • uses grain to feed same species

  • dense pops vulnerable to disease

  • tanks too contaminated to use after 5

New cards
19

aquaculture solutions → more sustainable

  • use less fishmeal feed to decrease depletion of other fish

  • improve management of aquaculture wastes

  • reduce escape of aquaculture species into wild

  • restrict location of fish farms to decrease loss of mangrove forests & estuaries

  • farm some aquaculture species in deeply submerged cages to protect from wave action & predators & allow dilution of wastes into ocean

  • certify sustainable forms of agriculture

New cards
20

100% organic

no synthetic fertilizer, pesticides, growth hormone, GE, antibiotics

New cards
21

organic

95% of ingredients organic

New cards
22

made w organic ingredients

70% ingredients organic

New cards
23

organic meat

no hormones, antibiotics, access to outdoors, organic feed

New cards
24

fruits/vegs high in pesticide residue

apples, strawberry, grapes, celery, peaches, spinach, peppers, nectarines, cucumbers, potatoes, tomatoes

New cards
25

inorganic (synthetic) fertilizers

  • easily transported, stored, applied

  • not add humus -→ lower water & air holding ability, leads to compaction

  • only supply abt 3/20 needed nutrients → not v many micronutrients

  • requires higher amt energy for production

  • release nitrous oxide (N2O) during production (Greenhouse gas)

  • nutrients readily available

  • crops grow faster, higher yield

  • runoff pollutes waterways

New cards
26

cows raised by grazing

overgrazing, meat, w less fat

New cards
27

cows raised in feedlots

antibiotics, fed corn, less space used

New cards
28

wild caught fish

depletion wild fish stocks, requires more energy bycatch

New cards
29

farm raised fish

antibiotics, requires less energy, can introduce invasive species in area, produce a lot of fish sewage, lead to destruction of mangroves

New cards
30

golden rice

  • GE strain of rice w beta-carotene

  • 2 genes from daffodils, 1 gene from soil bacteria

  • bod converts to vitamin A

  • vitamin A deficiency leads to blindness → outer lining of eyeball becomes dry & wrinkled, leading to inflammation & blindness

New cards
31

what type of countries is golden rice mostly in?

developing countries

New cards
32

as pop increases, still need more food, affect enviro

  • enviro degradation: soil loss, lost habitat, contaminated water

  • inc pollution: nitrogen, phosphates, pesticides

  • lack of water: diminishing water table

  • overgrazing: reducing grassland productivity

  • overfishing: reducing fish stocks

  • loss of ecological services

New cards
33

food production

  • cropland (produce grain mostly)

  • rangeland (livestock)

  • oceanic fisheries

New cards
34

big 3 grains

wheat, rice, corn

New cards
35

big 3 meats

beef, pork, chicken

New cards
36

what has allowed for food production to keep up w growing pop?

  • machines

  • inorganic fertilizers

  • build dams for irrigation

  • pesticides

  • high yield varieties of wheat/rice

  • high density in feedlots

  • aquatic culture

  • GMO

New cards
37

types of agriculture

  • industrialized/high input

  • plantation

  • traditional agriculture: subsistence, intensive

New cards
38

industrialized/high input

  • abt 80% world’s food supply produced by industrialized agriculture

  • mostly more developed countries

  • uses high amts of … fossil fuel energy, water, commercial inorganic fert, pesticide use, monocultures

New cards
39

monocultures

grow only 1 type of crop

New cards
40

industrial food production: livestock

  • livestock production in more dev countries is industrialized

  • feedlots used to fatten up cattle before slaughter (GH)

  • most pigs & chicks live in densely populated pens/cages (get sick so use antibiotics)

  • most livestock fed grain grown on cropland

  • systems use a lot of energy & water & produce huge amts of animal waste pollutes water

New cards
41

plantation agriculture

  • dev countries wear equator → monoculture

  • form of industrialized agriculture for cash crops (sugarcane, bananas, coffee)

New cards
42

traditional agriculture

  • low in put polyculture

  • many farmers in less dev countries use low-input agriculture to grow variety of crops on each plot of land (interplanting)

New cards
43

mostly subsistence farming

  • grow enough for fam

  • human/animal labor

New cards
44

traditional intensive agriculture

enough for fam plus extra to sell → uses more water, fert, labor

New cards
45

polyvariant cultivation

planting several dif genetic varieties of same crop

New cards
46

agroforestry

crops & tree grown together

  • corn grown btwn poplar trees, alley cropping, reduce erosion

New cards
47

sustainable agriculture

  • ferts can help restore soil nutrients, but runoff of inorganic fert can cause water pollution

New cards
48

organic ferts

from plant & animal (fresj, manure, or compost materials)

New cards
49

commercial inorganic ferts

active ingredients contain nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium (N,P,K)

New cards
50

industrialized agriculture uses feedlots to grow meat … this leads to …

  • production of large amts of nitrogenous wastes

  • loss of habitat to grow more crops to feed that animals

  • use of antibiotics to keep animals from getting sick

  • large amts of water, fert, pesticides being used to grow the grain to feed animals

  • crowding of animals like chicken & pigs

New cards
51

most to least energy intensive

  1. industrial agriculture

  2. traditional intensive

  3. subsistence farming

New cards
52

organic fert

  • slow release of nutrients

  • compost

  • manure

  • offensive odor

  • bulky

  • contains micronutrients

New cards
53

inorganic fert

  • requires frequent application to the soil

  • requires a lot of energy to produce

  • ez to apply

  • synthetic

  • mostly N, P, K

New cards
54

malnutrition

not enough vitamins/minerals → in developing countries

New cards
55

what does malnutrition lead to?

  • brain damage

  • poor immune system

  • early death

New cards
56

kwashiorkor

lack of protein

  • children will have swollen abdomens & reddish orange hair

New cards
57

marasmus

lack of protein & total cal

  • wrinkled skin, thin, weak bones, higher susceptibility to disease

New cards
58

goiter

enlarged thyroid due to lack of iodine, can lead to deafness

New cards
59

rickets

not enough calcium in bones due to not enough vitamin D

New cards
60

ariboflavinosis

deficiency of riboflavin (B2) skin problems, lips, mouth sores, anemia

New cards
61

pellagra

not enough niacin (B3) skin problems, learning disabilities, death, diet mostly of corn

New cards
62

beriberi

not enough thiamine (B1) loss of appetite, cramps, lethargic, fatigued

New cards
63

ways to reduce childhood deaths from nutrition-related causes

  • immunize children

  • encourage breast-feeding

  • prevent dehydration from diarrhea (sugar/salt in water)

  • prevent blindness from vitamin A deficiency

  • provide fam planning

  • increase education for women how to sterilize

New cards
64

overnutrition

eating too much; too many calories, not enough exercise → can lead to early death

New cards
65

DDT ) dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane

  • broad spectrum pesticide → kill many dif types pests

  • made bald eagle pop decrease due to thin eggshell

  • toxic to cats

New cards
66

herbicide

kill plants

New cards
67

fungicide

kill fungus

New cards
68

rodenticide

kill rodents

New cards
69

miticide

kill mites

New cards
70

what does overuse of pesticides lead to?

resistance by pest → become imitation

New cards
71

super pests

eat many types of plants

  • few natural predators

  • genetically resistant to many pesticides

  • short gen time

New cards
72

ways of reducing exposure to pesticides

  • grow ur food using organic methods

  • buy organic food

  • wash/scrub all fresh foods, vegs

  • eat less or no meat

  • trim fat from meat

New cards
73

1st gen pesticides

in 1600s, from plants

New cards
74

2nd gen pesticides

1939, synthetic, made in lab

New cards
75

what can GE plants w/stand

herbicides so weeds die but plant w resistance gene survives

New cards
76

other ways to control pests

  • fool the pest thru cultivation practices → rotating crops, adjusting planting times

  • provide homes for pest enemies by using polyculture

  • implant genetic resistance (GM)

  • bring in natural enemies

  • use pheromone to lure pests into traps

  • use hormones to disrupt life cycles

  • scald them (spray hot water)

  • biological control

New cards
77

IPM (integrated pest management)

  • look @ crops & pests as a system

  • uses combo biological, cultivation, chem approaches

  • large vacuums

  • a little insecticides as last resort

  • no broad spectrum pesticides

  • protect predators of pest species

New cards
78

negative aspects of IPM

  • not enough experts

  • initial costs are high

  • situation specific

  • not fast acting

New cards
79

super pests develop by the overuse of pesticides. the pest can become [ ] to a chemical by having a beneficial [ ] mutation. this is then passed down to its [ ] and the pesticides is not longer effective at controlling the pest

resistant, mutation, offspring

New cards
80

what organisms provide natural pest control?

organisms found in nature

New cards
81

pest

any species plant, animal, insects that compete w us for food or resources

New cards
82

pesticides

chems that kill/repel pests (vary in persistence)

New cards
83

persistence

amt of time a chem remains deadly in enviros

New cards
84

broad spectrum agents

effective against many species

  • ex: DDT

New cards
85

narrow spectrum agents

more selective

New cards
86

especially dangerous to children

endocrine, nervous system, immune system disorders

New cards
87

pest management advantages

  • save lives

  • increase food supplies

  • profitable to use

  • work fast

  • safe if used properly

New cards
88

pest management disadvantages

  • promote genetic resistance

  • kill natural pest enemies

  • pollute enviro

  • can harm wildlife & ppl

  • create new pest species

New cards
89

ideal pesticide

kill only target pest

  • not cause genetic resistance in target organism

  • disappear/break down into harmless chem after foing its job

  • be more cost-effective than going nothing

New cards
90

where do most pesticides go?

into air, water, non target organisms, humans/wildlife

New cards
91

pesticide protection laws in USA

EPA, Department of Agriculture (USDA), Food & Drug Administration (FDA) regulate sales of pesticides under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide & Rodenticide Act (FIFRA)

New cards
92

where are harmful pesticides made to be exported to other countries?

USA

New cards
93

1996 Food quality protection act (FQPA)

directs secretary of agriculture to collect pesticide residue data on commodities, most frequently consumed by infants / pop

New cards

Explore top notes

note Note
studied byStudied by 9 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 16 people
... ago
4.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 13 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 23 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 45 people
... ago
5.0(1)
note Note
studied byStudied by 26 people
... ago
5.0(2)
note Note
studied byStudied by 39 people
... ago
5.0(1)

Explore top flashcards

flashcards Flashcard (71)
studied byStudied by 5 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (30)
studied byStudied by 8 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (29)
studied byStudied by 4 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (43)
studied byStudied by 14 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (39)
studied byStudied by 3 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (25)
studied byStudied by 19 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (465)
studied byStudied by 28 people
... ago
5.0(1)
flashcards Flashcard (20)
studied byStudied by 9 people
... ago
5.0(1)
robot