Hearing and Balance (Chapter 6a)

Cochlea

________ is damaged- repeated bending /folding of the hair cells can cause them to break via overstimulation.

DTI

________:: more axonal connections in a normal person vs someone who is (legitamately) tone deaf.

neurons

Selective:: ________ at the front of the cochlea die which is where the amplitude comes in the harshest.

Tinnitus

________:: ringing in the ears (like phantom limb pain)

Primary auditory cortex

________:: inner portion of the temporal lobe.

Nerve deafness

________:: abnormality w /in the inner ear.

noise protection

Effects: ________, enhancing signal to noise ration, signal amplification, selective attention, adaptation to sound.

Pitch

________:: the psychological perception of frequency (increased freq= increased ________)

Inner hair cells

________ have potassium channels- when the tectorial membrane bends hair cell backwards, channel pops.

Amplitude

________:: intensity of a sound wave, loudness is psychological perception of intensity.

Amplitude

intensity of a sound wave, loudness is psychological perception of intensity

Frequency

of compressions per second, measured in hertz (Hz)

Pitch

the psychological perception of frequency (increased freq = increased pitch)

External ear → ear canal → eardrum

tympanic membrane; flexible, semi-opaque, delicate

3 ear ossicles

hammer, anvil, stirrup

Fluid inside the cochlea

movement (sound) causes waves of fluid

Coding of neuronal info in the scala media

scala tympani has the basilar membrane which will be pushed up by the waves of fluid; scala vestibuli also has waves of fluid (will change the most, amplitude of the wave will be biggest here after oval window)

Inner hair cells have potassium channels

when the tectorial membrane bends hair cell backwards, channel pops

Outer hair cells (3 distinct rows of hairs)

release ACh after an input of GABA

Inner hair cells (1 distinct row of hairs)

glutamatergic and depolarize the cochlear nerve

Effects

noise protection, enhancing signal to noise ration, signal amplification, selective attention, adaptation to sound

Inferior colliculus

peripheral sound perception (midbrain)

Medial geniculate nucleus

thalamus

Primary auditory cortex

inner portion of the temporal lobe

DTI

more axonal connections in a normal person vs someone who is (legitamately) tone deaf

Conduction deafness

abnormality w/in the middle ear

Nerve deafness

abnormality w/in the inner ear

Cochlea is damaged

repeated bending/folding of the hair cells can cause them to break via overstimulation

Selective

neurons at the front of the cochlea die which is where the amplitude comes in the harshest

Damage could come from a repeated stimulation at a specific frequency (ex

jackhammer)

Complete

born deaf, no hair cells at all

Tinnitus

ringing in the ears (like phantom limb pain)

Central deafness

deaf in the brain, extremely rare

3 semicircular canals w/a jellylike substance and otoliths

almost like bone chip fragments

Sit in different planes

helps us understand 3D space

Guides our eyes and helps us maintain our balance

detects the position and movement of the head