Sound Waves:
- Sound waves vary in amplitude and frequency
- Amplitude::intensity of a sound wave, loudness is psychological perception of intensity
- Frequency::# of compressions per second, measured in hertz (Hz)
- Pitch::the psychological perception of frequency (increased freq = increased pitch)
- Most adults hear vibrations from 20 Hz to 20,000 Hz
Outer Ear Structures (First Stage):
- External ear → ear canal → eardrum::tympanic membrane; flexible, semi-opaque, delicate
- As a sound wave comes in, it enters the auditory canal and runs into the tympanic membrane which depresses in response
Middle Ear Structures (Second Stage):
- 3 ear ossicles::hammer, anvil, stirrup
- Smallest bones in the human body
- Mechanism (amplified slightly) that taps the oval window (more sensitive than the tympanic membrane) → round window pops out each time the oval window is depressed
Inner Ear Structures (Third Stage):
- Fluid inside the cochlea - movement (sound) causes waves of fluid
- Coding of neuronal info in the scala media - scala tympani has the basilar membrane which will be pushed up by the waves of fluid; scala vestibuli also has waves of fluid (will change the most, amplitude of the wave will be biggest here after oval window)
- Tectorial membrane essential for sound perception → the physical structure that touches dendrites and starts coding neuronal info (outer and inner hair cells connect w/the nerves)
- Inner hair cells have potassium channels - when the tectorial membrane bends hair cell backwards, channel pops
What is Transduced Where?:
- Furthest away = lowest frequencies; closest = highest frequencies
- Ex: 1046 Hz - average female voice, 32.7 Hz - lowest C on the piano
Afferents and Efferents:
- Outer hair cells (3 distinct rows of hairs)::release ACh after an input of GABA
- Inner hair cells (1 distinct row of hairs)::glutamatergic and depolarize the cochlear nerve
- Effects: noise protection, enhancing signal to noise ration, signal amplification, selective attention, adaptation to sound
- IHC Afferent = 95% of auditory input
Path Through Brain Structures:
- All info enters thru the cochlear nucleus and immediately splits
- Inferior colliculus::peripheral sound perception (midbrain)
- Medial geniculate nucleus::thalamus
- Primary auditory cortex::inner portion of the temporal lobe
Imaging Evidence:
- MRI - left temporal lobe = listening to people talk (Wernicke’s Area::language processing)
- Sound coming from different directions is reflected in neurons firing by milliseconds
- DTI::more axonal connections in a normal person vs someone who is (legitamately) tone deaf
Mapping:
- Info goes from the cochlea → superior temporal gyrus holds the audio cortexes and has a map (higher frequencies coded in the back, lower frequencies coded in front)
Hearing Loss:
- Conduction deafness::abnormality w/in the middle ear
- Ossicles of the ear become rigid (cannot stimulate the oval window the way it should), muscles/tendons in the middle air deteriorate or are deformed
- Age, infection, disease
- Treatment = hearing aids
- Nerve deafness::abnormality w/in the inner ear
- Cochlea is damaged - repeated bending/folding of the hair cells can cause them to break via overstimulation
- Selective or complete
- Selective::neurons at the front of the cochlea die which is where the amplitude comes in the harshest
- Damage could come from a repeated stimulation at a specific frequency (ex: jackhammer)
- Complete::born deaf, no hair cells at all
- Tinnitus::ringing in the ears (like phantom limb pain)
- Treatment = cochlear implants
- Central deafness::deaf in the brain, extremely rare
- Both temporal lobes would have to have significant damage
Vestibular Sensation:
- 3 semicircular canals w/a jellylike substance and otoliths::almost like bone chip fragments
- Fluid moves as we move, hair cells get pushed forward and backward and tell our eyeballs how to move
- Sit in different planes - helps us understand 3D space
- Guides our eyes and helps us maintain our balance - detects the position and movement of the head
- Compensatory movements of the eye
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