Life Sciences Exam One

Biology

the study of life

characteristics of life

order

order

organisms spend energy to create structure

evolutionary adaptation

organisms adapt over time/through generations

reproductions

organisms reproduce on their own

response to environment

large variety in what this looks like

Growth and Development

individual organisms will change over time

energy processing

organisms need to acquire energy (ATP) in order to function

emergent properties

New properties that emerge with each step upward in the hierarchy of life

gene expression

transcription and translation

transcription

dna to mrna

translation

mrna to proteins

themes of bio

organization

core theme of bio

evolution

number of characterized species on earth

1.8 million

number of characterized insects

1 million

number of characterized plants

290

number of characterized fungi

100

number of characterized vertebrates

57

taxonomy

theory and practice of classifying organisms

taxonomic hierarchy

Domain

scientific name order

genus

three domains of life

bacteria

domain bacteria

unicellular prokaryotic

domain archaea

unicellular

domain eukarya

unicellular or multicellular

kingdoms of eukarya

animalia

community

all individuals of all species in a given area

ecosystem

biotic and abiotic factors

biosphere

group of ecosystems (planet)

unity of life example

cross section of cilia from paramecium (single cell organism) and cilia of windpipe is identical

charles darwin

discovered descent with modification in 1859

steps of descent with modification

population with varied inherited traits

two ways of studying biology

discovery science and hypothesis based inquiry

discovery science

based off lots of information

discovery science phrasing

"based off these observations/data/results

discovery science example

Jane Goodall

Hypothesis based inquiry

using deductive reasoning and the scientific method

hypothesis

a tenative answer to a well framed question

qualities of a hypothesis

testable

steps to experiments

observation

element

cannot be broken down and still maintain it's properties

compound

two or more different elements in a fixed ratio

number of naturally occuring elements

92

number of elements in the periodic table

118 elements

number of elements used for life

25

top four elements used for life

oxygen

percent mass that oxygen

carbon

protons

positive

neutrons

neutral

electrons

negative

atomic number

number of protons

mass number (atomic mass)

number of protons and number of neutrons

isotope

same number of protons but different number of neutrons

radioactive decay

neutron splits to one proton and one electron

s orbital pattern

sphere

p orbital sphere

infinity shape

when atoms interact...

the nuclei never touch/interact

direction electron shells fill in

inside --> out

valence

number of electrons in the outermost shell

stability

unlikely to change

covalent bonds

two atoms are close enough that their unpaired electrons overlap

molecule

2 or more atoms joined together by covalent bonds

covalent bonds formed by hydrogen

one

covalent bonds formed by oxygen

two

covalent bonds formed by nitrogen

three

covalent bonds formed by carbon

four

electronegativy

the affinity (strength of desire) an atom has for electrons

non polar covalent bonds

when the atoms have similar electronegativities

polar covalent bonds

two atoms with different electronegativities

polar covalent bonds occur in

o-h and n-h

nonpolar covalent bonds occur in

two of the same elements

ionic bonds

when the electronegativities of two atoms are so different that one atom strips the electron from the other

cation

positively charged

anion

negatively charged

crystal

stable

hydrogen bonds

when the opposite partial charges on atoms involved in polar covalent bonds attract

weakest covalent bonds

hydrogen bonds

molecular shape...

determines molecular function

cohesion

the ability for water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other water molecules

adhesion

the ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with other polar molecules

surface tension

the force required to break the surface of a liquid

cohesion and adhesion example

water moving up the stem of a plant

kinetic energy

energy of motion from atoms/molecules

thermal energy

energy of random motion

heat

total quantity of kinetic energy due to molecular motion in a given body of matter

temperature

the "intensity" of heat

calorie

heat energy required to raise one gram of water by one degree Celsius

kilocalorie

heat energy required to raise 1

joule

.239 calories (english translation)

specific heat

the amount of energy required to raise one gram X by one degree celsius

reason water has specific heat

it takes more energy to move a water molecule due to the hydrogen bonds it has with other water molecules

importance of water's high specific heat

helps maintain homeostasis

water density

water is less dense as a solid than as a liquid