PT: Exam 3

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Epigenetic Principle

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Everything has a ground plan, out of ground plan parts arise to form a functioning whole.

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Stage 1: Trust v.s. Mistrust

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Ego Strength=Hope

Parents having consistent care of child (trust) or inconsistent care (mistrust). Can affect relationships as adults

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48 Terms

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Epigenetic Principle

Everything has a ground plan, out of ground plan parts arise to form a functioning whole.

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Stage 1: Trust v.s. Mistrust

Ego Strength=Hope

Parents having consistent care of child (trust) or inconsistent care (mistrust). Can affect relationships as adults

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Stage 2: Autonomy v.s. Shame & Doubt

Ego Strength=Will

Toddlers learn that they can affect their environment, have to be able to act on their own.

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Stage 3: Initiative v.s. guilt

Ego strength=Purpose

Taking pride in what they can do, but not being told they are great at everything.

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Stage 4: Industry v.s. inferiority

Ego strength=competence

Kids have to have something that they are good at to not feel inferior, but has to be reality based (can’t be good at everything)

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Stage 5: Identity v.s. identity confusion

Ego strength=fidelity

Identity crisis/exploration, trying on different roles but can be problematic in adulthood.

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Moratorium

No adult responsibilities while figuring out your identity.

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Identity foreclosure

Exploration is stopped too soon, child is overly responsible, identity searching starts in adulthood.

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Stage 6: Intimacy v.s. isolation

Ego strength: love

Trusting someone at our worst moments opposite would be giving a persona.

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Stage 7: Generativity v.s. stagnation

Ego strength:care

Contributing to the world, caring for family, kids, etc. Appreciation of different cultures/ideas. Opposite would be wondering who am I?

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Stage 8: Integrity v.s. Despair

Ego strength:wisdom

looking back on life, despair is looking back in shame, integrity is looking back on other stages, meaning of life.

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Dystonic Resurgence v.s. Gerotranscendence

Confronting negative parts of stages, and acceptance of death and peace.

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Lexical

Study of language

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State

How someone is acting in a particular time period

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Trait

Someone shows consistent behavior overtime.

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Gordon Allport

Manifest v.s. latent content. Argued that all throughout life you are becoming who you are. Focused on the conscious.

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Functional Autonomy

A trait’s independence of its developmental origins. (ex a little girl wanting to be a ff after seeing her dad be one, but then develops her own reasons)

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Individual traits

No traits are the same, different groups of traits (categorical)

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Common traits

Similar groups of traits in society- broad (continuous)

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Cardinal trait

Very rare, Christ like, very few people have that trait, person who has it is a prototype. Most pervasive.

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Central Traits

A dozen or so traits that describe you, usual way of behaving

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Secondary traits

Least pervasive, surface level description

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Raymond Cattell

Said that traits are units of personality that have predictive value.

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16 PF

16 personality factors, clinical scales, Intelligence tests

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Q-data

Questionnaire data (16PF), can have bias, self reported, widely collected.

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T-data

Objective test data (reaction time) Ink blot, low reliability and validity.

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L-data

Life record data (tickets, etc) How many marriages, divorces, car accidents, how traits manifest themselves.

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The Big Five

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. (OCEAN)

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Openness

Original, imaginative, daring, liberal values, loves trying something new

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Conscientiousness

Careful, well organized, functional, ambitious, persevering, professionalism.

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Extraversion

Sociable, fun loving, affectionate, friendly, positive emotional experience

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Agreeableness

Forgiving, lenient, sympathetic, soft hearted, try to avoid conflict

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Neuroticism

Worried, Insecure, self-conscious, temperamental, emotional instability, life experiences.

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Temperament

The biological bases of personality, physiological arousal level, reactive and inherited.

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Heritability

How much of the variability of a trait in a particular population can be attributed to genetic variation in that population. (Genes v.s environment)

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Adoption Studies

Looking at adopted kids, and seeing if they are more like adopted or bio parents. If more like bio, represents a genetic disposition for that trait.

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Twin Studies

Compares twin to twin, assumption of equal environments, any variability must contribute to genes.

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Concordant

when twins have similar traits

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Operant conditioning

Learning in which the frequency of responding is influenced by the consequences that are contingent upon a response.

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Reinforcement

Increase the rate of responding

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Positive Reinforcement

Adding something

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Negative reinforcement

Taking something away

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Four fundamental concepts about learning

1) In order to learn, one must want something - drive

2) Notice something - cue

3) Do something - response

4) get something - reward

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Gradient of Approach

The closer something gets, the desire and excitement grows

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Gradient of avoidance

Closer to something unwanted, greater the desire to avoid unwanted thing

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approach-approach

choosing between two wanted things

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approach-avoidance

wants something but wants to avoid the consequence that comes with it

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avoidance-avoidance

two unwanted things, step toward either creates avoidance