Epigenetic Principle
Everything has a ground plan, out of ground plan parts arise to form a functioning whole.
Stage 1: Trust v.s. Mistrust
Ego Strength=Hope
Parents having consistent care of child (trust) or inconsistent care (mistrust). Can affect relationships as adults
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Epigenetic Principle
Everything has a ground plan, out of ground plan parts arise to form a functioning whole.
Stage 1: Trust v.s. Mistrust
Ego Strength=Hope
Parents having consistent care of child (trust) or inconsistent care (mistrust). Can affect relationships as adults
Stage 2: Autonomy v.s. Shame & Doubt
Ego Strength=Will
Toddlers learn that they can affect their environment, have to be able to act on their own.
Stage 3: Initiative v.s. guilt
Ego strength=Purpose
Taking pride in what they can do, but not being told they are great at everything.
Stage 4: Industry v.s. inferiority
Ego strength=competence
Kids have to have something that they are good at to not feel inferior, but has to be reality based (can’t be good at everything)
Stage 5: Identity v.s. identity confusion
Ego strength=fidelity
Identity crisis/exploration, trying on different roles but can be problematic in adulthood.
Moratorium
No adult responsibilities while figuring out your identity.
Identity foreclosure
Exploration is stopped too soon, child is overly responsible, identity searching starts in adulthood.
Stage 6: Intimacy v.s. isolation
Ego strength: love
Trusting someone at our worst moments opposite would be giving a persona.
Stage 7: Generativity v.s. stagnation
Ego strength:care
Contributing to the world, caring for family, kids, etc. Appreciation of different cultures/ideas. Opposite would be wondering who am I?
Stage 8: Integrity v.s. Despair
Ego strength:wisdom
looking back on life, despair is looking back in shame, integrity is looking back on other stages, meaning of life.
Dystonic Resurgence v.s. Gerotranscendence
Confronting negative parts of stages, and acceptance of death and peace.
Lexical
Study of language
State
How someone is acting in a particular time period
Trait
Someone shows consistent behavior overtime.
Gordon Allport
Manifest v.s. latent content. Argued that all throughout life you are becoming who you are. Focused on the conscious.
Functional Autonomy
A trait’s independence of its developmental origins. (ex a little girl wanting to be a ff after seeing her dad be one, but then develops her own reasons)
Individual traits
No traits are the same, different groups of traits (categorical)
Common traits
Similar groups of traits in society- broad (continuous)
Cardinal trait
Very rare, Christ like, very few people have that trait, person who has it is a prototype. Most pervasive.
Central Traits
A dozen or so traits that describe you, usual way of behaving
Secondary traits
Least pervasive, surface level description
Raymond Cattell
Said that traits are units of personality that have predictive value.
16 PF
16 personality factors, clinical scales, Intelligence tests
Q-data
Questionnaire data (16PF), can have bias, self reported, widely collected.
T-data
Objective test data (reaction time) Ink blot, low reliability and validity.
L-data
Life record data (tickets, etc) How many marriages, divorces, car accidents, how traits manifest themselves.
The Big Five
Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism. (OCEAN)
Openness
Original, imaginative, daring, liberal values, loves trying something new
Conscientiousness
Careful, well organized, functional, ambitious, persevering, professionalism.
Extraversion
Sociable, fun loving, affectionate, friendly, positive emotional experience
Agreeableness
Forgiving, lenient, sympathetic, soft hearted, try to avoid conflict
Neuroticism
Worried, Insecure, self-conscious, temperamental, emotional instability, life experiences.
Temperament
The biological bases of personality, physiological arousal level, reactive and inherited.
Heritability
How much of the variability of a trait in a particular population can be attributed to genetic variation in that population. (Genes v.s environment)
Adoption Studies
Looking at adopted kids, and seeing if they are more like adopted or bio parents. If more like bio, represents a genetic disposition for that trait.
Twin Studies
Compares twin to twin, assumption of equal environments, any variability must contribute to genes.
Concordant
when twins have similar traits
Operant conditioning
Learning in which the frequency of responding is influenced by the consequences that are contingent upon a response.
Reinforcement
Increase the rate of responding
Positive Reinforcement
Adding something
Negative reinforcement
Taking something away
Four fundamental concepts about learning
1) In order to learn, one must want something - drive
2) Notice something - cue
3) Do something - response
4) get something - reward
Gradient of Approach
The closer something gets, the desire and excitement grows
Gradient of avoidance
Closer to something unwanted, greater the desire to avoid unwanted thing
approach-approach
choosing between two wanted things
approach-avoidance
wants something but wants to avoid the consequence that comes with it
avoidance-avoidance
two unwanted things, step toward either creates avoidance