RU Animal Science Exam 1 (Ch 1-7)

Chap 1: Introduction to Fall, Chap 2: Intro to Agritourism, Chap 3: Animal Diseases, Chap 4: Working Safely with Animals, Chaps 5 & 6: Animal Nutrition, Chap 7: Animal Domestication

How is the RU Department made up?

Research, Extension, and Teach(ing) 

What are the research focuses?

1. Endocrine regulation of growth, reproduction, and behavior

2. Exercise physiology, nutrition, and reproduction

3. Animal health and the environment

Morrill Act - 1862

Grants of federal land made to each state to establish colleges

Hatch Act - 1887

Established agricultural experiment stations(+ engineering) at each land grant college

Smith Lever Act - 1914

established the cooperative extension service —> offices located in every county

What do Cooperative Extensions Agents do?

Deliver wide ranging educational programs in the areas of agriculture, fisheries and urban community outreach

Second Morrill Act - 1890

Granted land grant status to 20 HBCU’s

Elementary & Secondary Education Reauthorization Act - 1994

Granted land grant status to 30 Native American colleges

Why are Land Grants Special?

They are non formal or continue education through extension programs and have research undertaken by experiment stations

Which school has held the land grant status the longest?

Rutgers University (since 1864)

What are the types of Animal Products?

Food (meat, eggs, and milk + dairy products such as butter), clothing (leather or wool), and service/work (seeing eye, companionship, or search & rescue)

What is Vertical Integration?

A company controls multiple stages of its production and supply chain

What does vertical integration lead to for the poultry industry?

A reduction in the amount of feed due to discoveries in genetics and nutrition, better health program for the welfare of birds, and less worker hours

Pork Industry Vertical Integration Lvl

Undergoing vertical integration (moderate)

Beef Vertical Industry Lvl

low, slightly integrated

Poultry Vertical integration lvl

High integration

Where is pork being produced/located?

Both sides of the Mississippi river

Where is beef being produced/located?

W. of Mississippi river

Where is lamb/mutton being produced/located?

W. of Mississippi river

How many offspring for Pigs?

Average litter size ~ 12 piglets

How many offspring for cattle?

Single calf/dam

How many offspring for lamb/mutton?

1-3

Cattle Industry

“scattered” + includes calf operations, stocker/yearling, feedlots and packing plant

Pork Industry

goes to packing plant

Lamb/mutton industry

Shrinking

How is the market for cheese and milk?

Good, overall increasing throughout the years

Where is the dairy industry concentrated in?

Great Lakes & New England + Southeast through to California

What are the Classifications of Dairy products?

Class 1: Fluid products (milk, cream, half & half)

Class 2: Manufactured products (cheese, butter, yogurt)

What are the Standards of Dairy products?

-All fluid products must be Grade A

-Manufacturing non-fluid dairy products are Grade B

What are the fiber types?

Leather, wool, catgut (natural cord made from sheep or cattle), silk, horsehair, feathers, angora, cashmere, mohair

Define Agritourism

Business of establishing farms as travel destinations for education and recreational purposes

What are types of examples of Agritourism?

1. On-farm sales of agricultural products - farm markets

2. Educational tourism - school tours

3. Entertainment - hay rides

4. Accommodations - bed & breakfast

5. Outdoor Recreation - horseback riding

What are the Agritourism Enterprise Types?

Primary: Agrit. is the dominant activity on the farm

Supplementary: Agrit. is a minor activity that supports other products on the farm 

Complementary: Agrit. activities share = footing w/ other enterprises in the farm product mix

Why do statistics only tell part of the agrit. story?

B/c it has a narrow def. of agritourism, is self-identified, is outdated, and utilizes direct marketing calculations (which is separate from agrit.)

Why is Agritourism important in NJ?

B/c it generates income, creates jobs, builds community, access to fresh locally produced products, and defines local identity

What are some cons of Agritourism?

-liability exposure, intrusion into one’s privacy, can create possible tensions w/ neighbors, and policy issues

Basic Def of Disease

A harmful deviation from the normal structure or functional state of an organism —> they exhibit abnormal symptoms

What is an infectious disease?

A disease caused by the invasion and multiplication of microorganisms (biological)

What are the infectious agents?

Worms, Protozoa, Fungi, Bacteria, and Viruses

What is an example of a worm agent?

Tapeworm or Guineaworm

What is an example of a Protoza?

Ameoba, Malaria

What is an example of a Fungi?

Aspergillus Candida

What is an example of Bacteria?

Rickettsia, Chlamydia

What is an example of a Virus?

Pox, Polio

What is One Health?

An integrated, unifying approach that aims to sustainably balance and optimize the health of ppl, animals, and ecosystems 

What are the ways for disease transmission?

Ingestion of infected tissues or body fluids, inhalation or aerosols, fomites (inanimate objects), or direct contact

What is the difference between indirect and direct contact in infectious diseases?

Direct = physical contact

Indirect = fomites, water, food, or a vector (carry infection)

Define etiology

Origin of a disease

define Pathogenicity

capability of agent to cause disease in host

Define prevalence

The # of cases of a disease that are present in a particular population at a given time

define Incidence rate

the # of new cases that develop in a given time period

define Endemic

constant presence of disease or agent in an area

define Epidemic

the widespread occurrence of a disease at particular time

define pandemic

an epidemic that spread to vast geographical areas

define acute

disease that occurs suddenly and typically resolves in a shorter time period

define chronic

disease that occurs over a long period of time

define morbidity

exhibition of symptoms

define mortality

death due to disease

What are the risk factors for infection in hosts?

1. one or more resistance mechanisms are inactive

2. the probability of infection is increased

3. age

4. stress

5. nutrition

6. genetic conditions

define brucellosis

bacterial infection that primarily affects livestock animals (sheep and cattle)

How doe brucellosis affect cattle?

Leads to third trimester abortions, low milk yield, and birth of dead or weak calves

How is brucellosis transmitted?

Through contact w/ infected animals and ingestion of contaminated meat (it is worldwide)

Define zoonoses

diseases that can be transmitted to humans from animals (species to species)

How are wildlife affected by brucellosis?

Elk are exposed via winter feeding grounds, elk have abortions, and moose are debilitated or die

define Avian influenza

disease based on genetic feature and/or severity of disease in poultry

Types of Influenza (can be zoonoses)

Type A (biggest threat)

Type B

Type C

effects of avian influenza

Death, neurological signs, depression, anorexia, ruffled feathers, drop in egg production

How does Avian influenza affect us economically?

depopulation + disposal, quarantine and surveillance, 100s of millions of % lost

What is the source of Avian influenaza

Migratings ducks or other waterfowl fomites, and spread by aerosol

What are the biosecurity measure to prevent spread of Avian Influenza?

Prevent contact w/ wild birds, cover standing water or ponds, control rodents, limit + control access to birds, clean & disinfect poultry housing

Define vaccines

A preparation of weakened or killed pathogens to develop adaptive immunity

What are the types of vaccine administration

oral, intramuscular, subcutaneous, and aerosol

define strategic vaccination

vaccinating at appropriate time

define ring vaccination

vaccinating in appropriate areas where certain infectious diseases are prevalent

What are the biosecurity measure for brucellosis?

reduce overlap of grazing grounds w/ bison, field testing, surveillance, cull infected animals

When was smallpox eradicated?

1979

When was Global Rinderpest Eradication Program (GREP) founded?

1992

What is Herd Health management?

Involves regular health checks, vaccination programs and nutrition management

What is herd health?

Health management of a livestock group that focuses on preventing diseases

What is the herd health assessment?

comprehensive evaluation of a group of livestock to monitor and improve the health, welfare, and productivity of the herd

What is the Animal Welfare Act - 1966

a federal law administered by USDA to regulate the treatment of certain animals (in research facilitites, exhibitors and handlers)

What is the Health Research Extension Act of 1985?

Directs the PHS to provide guidelines for humane use of research animals

What are the potential hazards associated with animal work?

Physical injuries, Hazardous agent exposures, and Allergies

Examples of physical injuries

bites, scratches, trampling, farm machinery, silos, plants, stings, sunburns

examples of hazardous agents

chemicals - pesticides, biological - bacteria, radiation

examples of allergies

protein or allergens such as animal dander, saliva, sweat,

what is the PHS (public health service) Policy?

requires institutions receiving PHS funding to establish humane care and use of lab animals

What does the Rutgers Animal Welfare policy entail?

establishes an assurance for the humane care and ethical use of vertebrate animals in research

How are allergies related to working with animals?

Very common among lab animal workers and can develop over time through direct contact inhalation

What are the causes of diseases?

Biological agents such as fungal, bacterial, parasitic, and viral

define Q fever

zoonotic bacterial infection caused by etiologic agent (highly infectious)

what are the sources of q fever?

domestic ruminants, urine, feces, birth fluid

what is the route infection for q fever?

ingestion, exposure to birth fluid, inhalation of aerosolized dust

what are symptoms of q fever?

onset high fever, headache, muscle aches, abdominal pain

what are the risk groups for q fever?

occupational exposure, pre-existing heart disease, pregnancy

prevention for q fever

wear PPE, educate people at risk, pasteurize milk, exclude access to contaminated barns

what is the PPE for q fever?

nitrile gloves, rubber boots, full face shield w/ safety glasses, N95 respirator

define leptospirosis

infectious and zoonotic disease caused by genus leptospira- endemic in rats

transmission for leptospirosis

standing water, contact w/ infected animals, mucus membranes, open wounds

human clincial symptoms of lepto

jaundice, vomiting, chills, muscle aches, kidney failure