Lecture 6: Sociolinguistics: Language and social variations

Regional dialects

tend to concentrate on THE SPEECH OF PEOPLE IN RURAL AREA

Social dialect

mainly concerned with the speech of SPEAKERS IN TOWNS AND CITIES

Two main groups used to define groups of speakers are _______ and _________.

middle class

working class

The "upper" and "lower" are used to further subdivide the groups, mainly on an economic basis

Ex: upper-middle-class speech

In the analysis of social dialects, class is defined as the __________ and the pronunciation/words as the ___________

social variable

linguistic variable

idiolect

the speech habits particular to a particular person.

Education and occupation

Although each of us have an individual way of speaking (idiolect), we generally tend to sound like others with whom we share similar educational background and education

jargon (biệt ngữ)

special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.

social marker

a feature of speech which marks the speaker as a member of a particular social group.

gendered words

differences between words used by women and men in various languages

in terms of speech style, women are more likely to use the more ______________.

formal style

back-channels

when one participant is speaking and another participant interjects (đệm vào) responses to the speaker.

speech style

A social feature of language use.

The most basic distinction is between formal use and informal use

a change from one speech style to the other by an individual is called _________

style-shifting

prestige

a way of explaining the direction in which certain individual change their speech

overt prestige

change to a form of speakers with higher social status

covert prestige

the status of a speech style or features as having positive value, but which is 'hidden' or not valued similarly among the larger community, in contrast to overt prestige.

_______ is the descriptive study of the effect of all aspects of society, including cultural norms and context, on the way language is used.

Sociolinguistics

The _______ is the variety of a language associated with administrative, commercial, or educational centers, regardless of region.

standard language

While _____describes aspects of pronunciation, a ____includes features of grammar and vocabulary as well.

accent; dialect

From a _______ point of view, none of the varieties of a language is inherently "better" than any other.

linguistic

The ability to speak two languages is known as _______.

bilingualism

A situation that involves a "low" variety for everyday matters and a "high" variety for important matters is called _______.

diglossia ((Đa ngữ tình huống/Song thể ngữ)

A _______ is a variety of language developed for practical purposes, such as trading, and has no native speakers.

pidgin

In a pidgin, the _______ language is the one that serves as the main source of words.

lexifier

When a pidgin becomes the first language of a social community, it is described as a _______.

creole

The process of retreating from the use of a creole because of contact with a standard variety of a language is called _______.

decreolization

Unlike regional dialects, _______ are mainly concerned with the speech of people in towns and cities.

social dialects

Every individual has an unique way of speaking known as an _______.

idiolect

_______ refers to special words or expressions used by a particular profession that are difficult for others to understand.

Jargon

A feature of speech which marks the speaker as a member of a particular social group is called a _______.

social marker

In the English-speaking world, "_______" is a social marker often associated with lower class and less education.

[h]-dropping

_______ is the use of rising intonation at the end of statements, hedges, and tag questions to invite agreement rather than assert an idea.

Women's speech (or Gendered speech)

In cross-gender interaction, _______ are much more likely to interrupt than women.

men

A change from formal to informal speech (or vice versa) by an individual is called _______.

style-shifting

When an individual changes their speech toward a form used by speakers of higher social status, they are seeking _______.

overt prestige

_______ is the status of a speech feature that has positive value within a specific group but is not valued similarly by the larger community.

Covert prestige