Positive Psych Exam 1

What is positive psychology?

The science and application of studying psychological strengths and positive emotions

What does the ICD classify?

Diseases

What does the DSM classify?

Mental disorders

What is currently not classified in psychology?

Strengths and positive outcomes

Who developed the Gallup Themes of Talent?

Donald Clifton

How does Gallup define talent?

Naturally recurring patterns of thought, feeling, or behavior that can be productively applied

How does talent manifest in people?

Yearnings, rapid learning, satisfaction, and timelessness

How many talent themes are identified by Gallup?

34

What question guided the Search Institute?

“What protects children from today’s problems?”

How many developmental assets did the Search Institute identify?

40

What is the VIA classification considered the antithesis of?

The DSM

What are virtues in the VIA model?

Core characteristics valued by most cultures

What are character strengths?

Psychological processes and mechanisms that define virtues

What are situational themes?

Specific habits that help people express strengths in situations

What strengths fall under Wisdom and Knowledge?

Creativity, curiosity, open-mindedness, love of learning

What strengths define Courage?

Bravery, persistence, integrity, vitality

What strengths define Humanity?

Love, kindness, social intelligence

What strengths define Justice?

Citizenship, fairness, leadership

What strengths define Temperance?

Forgiveness, humility, prudence, self-regulation

What strengths define Transcendence?

Appreciation of beauty, gratitude, hope, humor, spirituality

What is well-being?

Psychological, social, and emotional experiences that bring positive outcomes

What is a construct?

A theoretical concept such as happiness or optimism

What is construct equivalence?

Whether a construct means the same thing across cultures

What is linguistic equivalence?

Accuracy of translation and meaning across languages

What are the six elements of psychological well-being?

Self-acceptance, personal growth, purpose in life, environmental mastery, autonomy, positive relations

What defines emotional well-being?

Happiness, life satisfaction, and balance of affect

What defines social well-being?

Coherence, integration, actualization, contribution, acceptance

What is culture?

A shared set of beliefs, norms, values, and heritage

What is ethnocentrism?

The belief that one’s own culture is superior

What is cultural relativism?

Understanding behavior within its cultural context

What is cultural humility?

Lifelong self-reflection, openness, egolessness, and mutual respect

What is individualistic forgiveness?

Replacing negative emotions with positive emotions for personal benefit

What is collectivistic forgiveness?

Restoring harmony and repairing relationships

What is aspirational capital?

Hopes and dreams for the future

What is navigational capital?

Ability to navigate institutions not designed for you

What is resilience?

Positive adaptation despite significant adversity

What are the two requirements for resilience?

Doing okay and exposure to serious adversity

What is the strongest protective factor for resilience?

One caring, supportive adult

What are the three domains of the Resilience Portfolio Model?

Self-regulation, interpersonal resources, meaning-making

What is a spark in positive youth development?

A passion or interest that motivates thriving

What is thriving?

Positive development beyond just surviving

What did Terman’s gifted children study show?

High IQ does not guarantee adult success or happiness

What is generativity?

Giving back to the next generation

What does aging well include?

Avoiding disease, engagement with life, maintaining function

What are the three components of character in the VIA model?

Virtues, character strengths, situational themes

What approach does the VIA promote in psychology?

Strength-based diagnosis and treatment

What was a key finding about VIA strength stability?

Strength scores are stable over about four months

Which VIA strengths do women typically score higher on?

Humanity strengths

Which group typically scores higher on spirituality in VIA?

African Americans

What does it mean that individualistic nations are happier?

They report higher subjective well-being than collectivistic nations

Why is construct equivalence important in cross-cultural research?

To avoid comparing different meanings of the same construct

Why is linguistic equivalence important?

To ensure translated measures retain the same meaning

What are the six elements of psychological well-being (Ryff)?

Self-acceptance, personal growth, purpose, mastery, autonomy, relationships

What are the five elements of social well-being?

Coherence, integration, actualization, contribution, acceptance

What are the origins of individualism vs collectivism?

Complexity, affluence, and heterogeneity of society

What traits are valued across most cultures?

Honesty, fairness, kindness, good judgment, curiosity

What is the genetically deficient (inferiority) model?

The belief that biological differences explain group differences

What pseudoscience supported the inferiority model?

Craniometry

What is the cultural deficient model?

View that lack of exposure to dominant culture causes deficits

Why are deficit models problematic?

They are biased, oversimplified, and stigmatizing

What is cultural pluralism?

Recognizing distinct cultures while adopting some majority values

Why does culture matter in mental health?

It affects views of mental health and treatment approaches

What are the core elements of cultural humility?

Self-reflection, openness, egolessness, lifelong learning

How does forgiveness vary cross-culturally?

Motivation, expression, and goals differ by culture

What motivates collectivistic forgiveness?

Social harmony and relationship repair

What is decisional forgiveness?

Choosing to forgive without emotional change

What does the ADDRESS framework assess?

Multiple aspects of social identity and status

What does the first D in ADDRESS stand for?

Developmental disability

What does the second D in ADDRESS stand for?

Acquired disability

What is linguistic capital in Yosso’s model?

Communication strengths such as storytelling

What is familial capital?

Support from extended family networks

What is social capital in cultural wealth?

Community connections and support

What is resistance capital?

Strength from historical and ongoing struggle for equity

What defines the “good life” in positive psychology?

Lived experiences shaped by worldview and culture

Which view states psychological strengths are universal?

Psychological strength is universal

Which view states strengths are context dependent?

Life contexts shape strength development

What age range defines childhood?

Birth to 11

What age range defines youth?

12 to 25

What age range defines adulthood?

26 to 59

What age range defines older adulthood?

60 to death

What is developmental psychology’s core focus?

Adaptability and positive functioning

What does “bouncing back” imply in resilience research?

Return to normal or above-average functioning

What did resilience research in Hawaii show?

About 80% bounced back by mid-30s

What was the key protective factor in Hawaii resilience studies?

One caring adult

What are common risk factors for poor resilience?

Poverty, trauma, illness, divorce, homelessness

What personal skills predict resilience in youth?

Problem-solving and self-regulation

What family factors predict resilience?

Attachment, routines, authoritative parenting

What community factors predict resilience?

Effective schools, safety, health services

What theory underlies the ecological model of resilience?

Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory

What does the Resilience Portfolio Model emphasize?

Multiple assets across domains

What is emotional regulation?

Managing intense emotions effectively

What is grit?

Perseverance toward long-term goals

What is meaning-making?

Understanding and explaining life experiences

What is positive youth development focused on?

Preparing youth for adulthood challenges

How are thriving youth different from surviving youth?

They show growth sparked by passion

What are rewarding bonds in PYD?

Strong, positive relationships

What role does mentoring play in PYD?

It provides critical social support

What did Terman call his gifted children sample?

Termites

What did Terman’s study fail to predict?

Leadership and mental health success

What is identity in adult development?

Becoming one’s own person