Lab Chapter 16

How does air enter the respiratory tract?

Through a Naris. Before air passes through the nasal cavity, air enters the respiratory tract through this. This is the primary entryway for air.

Identify. Function of stars & numbers?

Red: nasal cavity (notice how it stretches from the nostril to the nasal pharynx)

3 stars are the nasal conchae. Create turbulence (swirling air around) and help filter humidify, and warm air through nasal hairs and nasal mucus, which comes from the sinuses (#1&2).

• Green: Superior nasal conchae of ethmoid bone

• Red: Middle nasal conchae of ethmoid bone

• Purple: Inferior nasal conchae

Branches represent the hard palate (bony area) composed of:

• Palatine process of the maxilla (Blue)

• Horizontal process of the palatine bone (Purple )

Sinuses: contain nasal mucus

#1: Frontal sinus

#2: Sphenoid sinus

• Ethmoid and maxillary sinuses (not visible)

Identify. Function of pink and purple

Dark Red: Nasopharynx

Bright red: posterior nasal apertures

Yellow: Soft palate (tissue area)

Pink: Uvula - Prevents food from entering the nasal cavity when eating (bc it raises upward).

Blue: Pharyngeal tonsils

Purple: Auditory tube - Connect the ear, nose, and throat

Identify. Function of red.

Red area: Nasal septum - divides the nasal cavity into left & right

Broken into 3 parts: pink, blue, & green stars

- Anterior portion of nasal septum:

• Pink: Septal cartilage

Posterior portion of nasal septum: (bony portion)

• Blue: Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

• Green: Vomer

Identify

1. Frontal sinus

2. Superior nasal concha of ethmoid bone

3. Middle nasal concha of ethmoid bone

4. Inferior nasal concha

5. Sphenoid sinus

6. Vestibule (just within naris)

7. Palatine process of maxillary bone

8. Horizontal plate of palatine bone

9. Soft palate

10. Uvula

Identify. Function of 9.

1. Posterior nasal aperture

2. Pharyngeal tonsil

3. Opening to the auditory tube

4. Nasopharynx

5. Oropharynx

6. Epiglottis (covers the opening to the larynx when swallowing)

7. Palatine tonsil

8. lingual tonsil

9. Hyoid bone (anchors many laryngeal structures)

10. Cricoid cartilage (major laryngeal cartilage)

11. Laryngopharynx

- Notice the trachea and larynx are infront (anterior), esophagus in the back (posterior, it looks flat but when you eat it expands). From the pharynx, air travels down the front, food travels down the back.

Where does sound production come from?

Identify. Function of 2, 4 & 5.

- Sound production comes from the larynx (it is our voicebox), which this image depicts. As air moves in and out sound is created.

1. Hyoid bone

2. Epiglottis: Helps prevent choking. Opens when breathing, closes when swallowing food.

3. Thyroid cartilage (largest laryngeal cartilage)

4. True vocal cords - vibrate when air rushes past to produce sound. It is called true bc it has muscle.

5. False vocal cords - protect the vocal folds (true vocal chords). It is called false bc it lacks muscle.

6. Cricoid cartilage (visible in both the anterior and posterior larynx)

7. Esophagus

This image depicts what? Identify

Depicts the nasal septum

1. Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone

2. Vomer

3. Septal cartilage

Identify 1-13. Function of 7, 8, & 9

1. Hyoid bone

2. Thyroid cartilage

3. Trachea

4. Superior lobe of right lung

5. Middle lobe of right lung

6. Inferior lobe of right lung

7. Horizontal fissure of right lung - separates the right superior and right middle lobes of the lung

8. Oblique fissure of right lung - separates the right middle and right inferior lobes

9. Superior lobe of left lung

10. Inferior lobe of left lung

11. Oblique fissure of left lung - separates the left superior and inferior lobes

12. Cardiac notch

13. Diaphragm

Compare the lobes & fissures of the left and right lung. Why are the lobes like this?

Right lung

• 3 lobes (superior, middle, and inferior)

• 2 fissures: Horizontal fissure (separates superior and middle lobe), Oblique fissure (separates the middle and inferior lobe)

Left lung

• 2 lobes (superior and inferior)

• One fissure: Oblique fissure which separates the superior and inferior lobes

- There are more lobes on the right than left bc the heart is situated more towards the left side of the heart. Nd this creates an indentation in the left lung (cardiac notch).

What is the bronchial tree?

Trachea > main bronchus > lobar bronchi > segmental bronchi

• Trunk: Trachea.

• This branches into two parts left & right main bronchus, which carry air to each lung.

• These split into left & right lobar bronchi which carry each to each lobe of the lung. The left only has superior & inferior lobar bronchi, while the right has superior, middle, and inferior lobar bronchi.

• These split into left & right segmental bronchi which carry air deep within the lung.

Identify

1. Trachea

2. Left main bronchus.

3. Left superior lobar bronchi

4. Left segmental bronchi

5. Diaphragm

This is an image of the left lung. Identify

Recall that the colors switch in the lungs. So blue is an artery and red is a vein.

1. Pulmonary artery

2. Pulmonary vein

3. Segmental bronchus

4. Diaphragm

5. Mediastinal surface

Identify

1. Hyoid bone

2. Thyroid cartilage (2).

3. Laryngeal prominence

4. Thyroid gland (covering the cricoid cartilage)

5. Trachea

True or false: Only males have a laryngeal prominence.

False. Both male and females have one, but males typically have a larger one.

Identify. How do number 2 & 4 differ, how are they similar? How does #5 differ from the two?

How does the arrangement of cartilage on #6 aid in function?

1. Hyoid bone

2. Thyroid cartilage

3. Thyroid gland

4. Cricoid cartilage

5. Epiglottis

6. Trachea

- Thyroid cartilage does not fully encircle the larynx (The word "thyroid" refers to its shield-shaped structure), while the cricoid cartilage does encircle the larynx entirely. Both are composed of hyaline cartilage and help keep the airway open. The epiglottis is composed of elastic cartilage and covers the larynx during swallowing.

- The cartilage of the trachea is C-shaped and does not fully encircle the tube. The lack of cartilage in the posterior trachea (replaced primarily by muscle) makes the trachea flexible and able to expand during swallowing.

Why is the trachea always open?

Due to the tracheal cartilage. It keeps it open at all times because we always need air.

Identify

1. Hyoid bone

2. Thyroid cartilage (notice the Laryngeal prominence)

3. Epiglottis

4. Thyroid gland

5. Cricoid cartilage

6. Trachea

Identify

1. Hyoid bone

2. Epiglottis

3. Thyroid cartilage (laryngeal prominence)

4. False vocal cord (Vestibular fold)

5. True vocal cord (vocal fold)

6. Thyroid gland

7. Cricoid cartilage

8. Trachea

Identify

1. Naris

2. Superior nasal concha of the ethmoid bone

3. Middle nasal concha of the ethmoid bone

4. Inferior nasal concha

5. Opening to the auditory tube

6. Palatine process of the maxillary bone

7. Horizontal plate of the palatine bone

8. Uvula

9. Epiglottis

10. False vocal chord/Vestibular fold

11. True vocal chord/Vocal fold

12. Nasopharynx

13. Oropharynx

14. Laryngopharynx

Identify

1. Parietal pleura of right lung

2. Superior lobe of right lung

3. Horizontal fissure of right lung

4. Middle lobe of right lung

5. Oblique fissure of right lung

6. Inferior lobe of right lung

7. Diaphragm

8. Parietal pleura of left lung

9. Superior lobe of left lung (covered by visceral pleura)

10. Inferior lobe of left lung

Identify

1. Trachea

2. Right main bronchus

3. Right lobar bronchus

4. Right segmental bronchus

5. Superior lobe of right lung

6. Horizontal fissure of right lung

7. Middle lobe of right lung

8. Oblique fissure of right lung

9. Inferior lobe of right lung

10. Diaphragm

11. Right pulmonary artery

12. Left main bronchus

13. Superior lobe of left lung

14. Oblique fissure of left lung

15. Inferior lobe of left lung

Identify. Relation between 5 & 6. Function of 5.

Remember in the lungs, the colors are switched for arteries and veins.

1. Small bronchus

2. Pulmonary vein

3. Pulmonary artery branch

4. Terminal bronchiole (the last airway structure w/o alveoli)

5. Alveoli (notice how it is encased by elastic fibers in an alveolar duct)

6. Pulmonary capillaries (notice how they sit on top of the alveoli)

7. Alveolar sac (cluster of alveoli).

8. Visceral pleura

- Alveoli is the site of diffusion. Gas exchange occurs between alveolar air and pulmonary capillary blood.

Identify

1. Intrapulmonary bronchus

2. Pulmonary vein branch

3. Pulmonary artery branch

4. Terminal bronchiole

5. Alveolar duct

6. Alveolus with pulmonary capillaries

7. Visceral pleura

This image represents what organ? Identify each label

Function of green and yellow?

What is the

Red: Seromucous glands

Purple: Mucosa (made of Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells)

Blue: Submucosa (contains various things like nerves, arteries, veins, glands, etc)

Green: Cartilage - strengthens the trachea and keeps it open.

Yellow: Adventitia. The adventitia is sticky which keeps the trachea in place and allows it to stick to neighboring structures.

What is this image? Identify labels. Function of star?

The mucosa of the trachea

Red: Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

Blue: Cilia

Star: Goblet cells - make mucus

This image depicts what? Identify labels. Function?

Aveoli in the lungs

Red: Simple squamous epithelium

Blue: Aveolus - function is diffusion

Smoking can cause an increase in mucus production and a decrease in cilia function. Explain why this combination can be so detrimental to one’s health?

Without cilia, it becomes difficult to move the excess mucus superiorly to the pharynx where it can be swallowed. Pathogens can build up in the mucus and chronic infections may result.

Why is the epithelium lining the nasopharynx different from the epithelium that lines the oropharynx and laryngopharynx?

Bc the nasopharynx is not a passageway for food/drink and thus lacks the need for the protection provided by the stratified squamous epithelium.

• Nasopharynx – pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (only one layer, respiratory epithelium)

• Oropharynx & Laryngopharynx – stratified squamous epithelium (several layers)

What two structures are involved in routing food and liquid away from the respiratory passages?

Soft palate/uvula and the epiglottis

If an individual was born with O-shaped tracheal cartilage, what activity would be difficult?

Swallowing because the esophagus would be unable to expand anteriorly when eating large food.

Lois has an obstruction of her right main bronchus. How would this affect the carbon dioxide levels in her right pulmonary veins?

It would increase. This is bc less oxygen will be able to reach the blood in that lung, so more CO2 will buildup.