ap psych unit 3b

What is habituation?

Growing accustomed to/exhibiting diminished response to a frequent stimulus

What is discrimination?

afraid of one thing but not another?

What is generalization?

Afraid of all things in one category

What is the neutral stimulus?

The thing that is originally no response but eventually becomes the conditioned stimulus is

What is the unconditioned response?

The response

What is the conditioned response?

The response again but it’s been conditioned to the new stimulus

What is the unconditioned stimulus?

The thing you have a natural response to already

What is extinction?

Conditioned response decreases or disappears

What is spontaneous recovery?

Reappearance of a conditioned response after a rest period or time of lessened response

What is higher order conditioning?

CS later serves as UCS - you associate another thing and build on conditioning

What is the Garcia effect?

Taste aversion can be classicaly conditioned through only one trial because taste has stronger associations than sight does - can also happen if effects are felt long after stimulus (ex. you eat escargo and puke like 5 hrs later)

What is biological preparedness?

You’re going to avoid things that were dangerous to previous generations/go towards things that help you survive = easier for conditioning

What is classical conditioning?

Associating one stimulus with another to elicit a response during acquisition - best if conditioned stimulus is presented ½ second before unconditioned stimulus

What is acquisition?

stage when neutral stimulus is associated with unconditioned to become conditioned

What is one-trial learning?

Acquiring new knowledge/skills after only one exposure

What is respondent behavior?

Classical conditioning

What is reinforcement vs. punishment in operant/voluntary conditioning?

Reinforcement = more of a behavior, punishment = less of a behavior

What is positive vs. negative in operant/voluntary conditioning?

Positive = giving something, negative = taking something. Can be both for both reinforcement and punishment

What is the law of effect?

Reinforcement leads to repeated behaviors while punishment leads to fewer

What is the operant chamber/skinner box?

they put the pigeon inside so you can carry out reinforcement schedules

What is the difference between a primary and a secondary reinforcer?

Primary = appeals to biology (ex. food) while secondary is learned (ex. money or praise)

What is shaping?

Reinforce behaviors as they get closer to the goal behavior

What is continuous reinforcement?

Every time they do it they get rewarded (also fixed ratio)

What is partial reinforcement?

Anything that’s not continuous

What is ratio reinforcement?

Predictable — can be continuous or not

What is interval reinforcement?

Based on time -- cannot be continuous and less effective than ratio

What is fixed learning?

Predictable

What is variable learning?

Unpredictable - watch for “on average” or “approximately”

What is the fastest learning? Longest lasting?

Fastest = fixed ratio, longest lasting = variable ratio (ex. gambling)

What is operant conditioning vs. classical conditioning?

Classical is automatic, operant involves choice and thinking about consequences?

What is instinctive drift?

You tend to go back to instinctual behaviors instead of trained ones

What is superstition?

Illusory correlation when consequences reinforce unrelated behaviors

What is learned helplessness?

You learn that you hvae no control over experience of an adversive consequence (ex. you stop studying because you’ve tried everything and nothing works)

What is the social learning theory?

Says that you don’t need personal consequences to learn — you can copy behavior of models

What is vicarious reinforcement?

You learn by seeing others get rewarded or punished for their actions

What models are you most likely to learn from?

Those who are similar to you (or likeable, attractive, higher status)

What is Bandura’s Pattern of Learning?

Pay attention → encode → reproduce → motivated by consequences to repeat

What is associative learning?

connect stimuli & events

What is aversive conditioning?

create negative associations by using unpleasent stimuli

What is biological predisposition?

Easier to learn things that ask you to do what is instinctive for you

What is insight learning?

aha moment - solution occurs without any reason at all

What is latent learning?

Learning can occur without reinforcement and can be not immediately evident (ex. tolman rats go through maze first without reinforcement but do better later when given reinforcement at the same time as other rats who start from the start w/ reinforcement)

What is a cognitive map?

mental representations of the world around you