Cariology

Cariology

is a science which deals with the study of etiology, histopathology, epidemiology, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of dental caries

ETIOLOGY

cause/origin of disease

HISTOPATHOLOGY

diagnosis and study of disease of tissue)

EPIDEMIOLOGY

• incidents, distribution, to control the disease in a certain population

• is the study of health and disease state in populations rather than individuals. In this, the epidemiologist defines the frequency and severity of health problems in relation to factors Such as age, sex, geography, race, economic status, nutrition and diet

• is the study of the distribution and determinants of disease

DIAGNOSIS

identify diseases from signs and symptoms that are given by the patients; to identify the disease process in order to prevent and give treatment to the patient

PREVENTION

how to prevent the disease

The restorative cycle/spiral

controlling the caries process prior to filling is the key to breaking the repair cycle and improving care for patients

Dental Caries

• is defined as a microbiological disease of the hard structure of teeth (enamel, cementum, dentin), which results in localized demineralization of the inorganic portion (96% calcium phosphate=hydroxyapatite crystals) and destruction of the organic substances of the tooth(glycoprotein-e=alpha n beta fibers-d)

• is an infectious microbiologic disease of the teeth that results in localized dissolution and destruction of the calcified tissues

Pit and fissures, Smooth surface, Overlying

COMMON SITES of dental caries

Cariogenic organisms

are capable of producing caries (MS and lactobacilli)

Streptococcus mutans, lactobacilli

Organisms that is caoable of producing caries

Cariogenicity potential

is the degree to which a tooth is likelyto become carious

3.58

Epidemiology of Dental Caries

• The Global Burdens of Disease Study 2017

  • _____ billion people

  • 60-90% of industrialized countries

60-90%

Epidemiology of Dental Caries

• The Global Burdens of Disease Study 2017

  • 3.58 billion people

  • ________% of industrialized countries

97%

• 2011 National Monitoring and Epidemiological Dental Survey (NMEDS)

  • __% of 6-year-old children

  • 87% of Filipinos

  • 7 out of 10 Filipinos has never been to a dentist

87%

• 2011 National Monitoring and Epidemiological Dental Survey (NMEDS)

  • 97% of 6-year-old children

  • __% of Filipinos

  • 7 out of 10 Filipinos has never been to a dentist

7

• 2011 National Monitoring and Epidemiological Dental Survey (NMEDS)

  • 97% of 6-year-old children

  • 87% of Filipinos

  • _ out of 10 Filipinos has never been to a dentist

Prevalence

• is the proportion of a population affected by a disease at a particular time

• the number of individuals in a population having a disease at a specific point in time

• (Cases ÷ population) x 100%

Incidence

• measures the rate at which a disease progress

• the number individuals developing new cases of disease in a population over a specific period of time, usually 1 year

Nonspecific plaque hypothesis

• Hypotheses Concerning the Etiology ofCaries

• all plaque is pathogenic

Specific plaque hypothesis

• Hypotheses Concerning the Etiology ofCaries

• plaque is pathogenic only if associated with clinical disease

Acidogenic theory

• Theories of Dental Caries

• by WD Miller

• "Dental decay is a chemicoparasitic process consisting of two stages":

  • 1. Decalcification of enamel, which results in its total destruction (done by the acid attack);

  • 2. Dissolution of the softened residue of the enamel and dentin carried out by the proteolytic action of the bacteria)

WD Miller

Who made acidogenic theory

Proteolytic theory

• proposed by Gottlieb

• by Heider, Bodecker (1878) and Abbott (1879)

• Organic portion of the tooth plays an important role in the development of dental caries

• Microorganisms invade the enamel lamellae and the acid produced by the bacteria causes damage to the organic pathways.

• 1. Proteolytic enzymes liberated bycariogenic bacteria

• 2. Destruction of the organic matrix

• 3. Detachment of inorganic crystalsfrom one another

• 4. Collapse of whole structure

• 5. Cavitation

Gottlieb

Who proposed proteolytic theory

Heider, Bodecker, and Abbott

Proteolytic theory is by

Proteolytic-chelation theory

• by Schatz and his coworkers

• Bacterial attack on the surface of the enamel is initiated by keratinolytic microorganisms. This causes the breakdown of the protein chiefly keratin.

• This results in the formation of soluble chelates which decalcify enamel even at neutral pH.

• 1. Proteolytic breakdown of organic portion of enamel

• 2. Proteolytic breakdown products acquired pellicle food debris=chelating agent

• 3. CHELATION- negatively charged chelating agent releases positively charged calcium ions from enamel and dentin

• 4. Dissolution of inorganic component of tooth.

Schatz and his coworkers

Proteolytic-chelation is by who

CHELATION

negatively charged chelating agent releases positively charged calcium ions from enamel and dentin

Dental plaque

• is a gelatinous mass of bacteria adhering to the tooth surface

• Dental Plaque is a soft deposit that form the biofilm adhering to the tooth surface or other hard surfaces in the oral cavity

• Dental plaque is composed primarily of microorganisms. It may be readily visualized on teeth after 1 to 2 days with no oral hygiene measures

Dental Caries (Shafer 1993)

Dental caries is an irreversible microbial disease of the calcified tissues of the teeth, characterized by demineralization of the inorganic portion and destruction of the organic substance of the tooth, which often leads to cavitation.

Dental Caries (2012)

-Is an infectious microbiologic disease of the teeth that results in localized dissolution and destruction of the calcified tissues.

Dental Caries (2017)

Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated, sugar-driven multifactorial, dynamic disease that results in the phasic demineralization and remineralization of dental hard tissues. The balance between pathological and protective factors influences the initiation and progression of caries.

Dental Caries (2020)

Dental caries is a biofilm-mediated, dietmodulated, multifactorial, non-communicable dynamic disease resulting in net mineral loss of dental hard tissues.