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Essay Question: Give the definition of a totalitarian state. List and explain 4 different ways that totalitarian governments control their people (in paragraph form)
Definition: government that takes total, centralized, state control over every aspect of public and private life (leaders appear to provide sense of security and give direction for the future)
POLICE - used to enforce central government’s policies by spying and intimidating citizens
INDOCTRINATION - instruction in the government’s beliefs, education is controlled and glorifies the leader, instills belief in unconditional loyalty, usually begins with youth
PROPAGANDA - biased or incomplete information used to sway people to certain beliefs or actions
CENSORSHIP - any information against government policies is deemed dangerous and considered act of treason, government controls all media
PERSECUTION - “enemies of the state” used to blame for things that go wrong (scapegoats), violence and terror used against these minority groups
What was the “Long March” and who was involved?
700,000 Nationalist soldiers surround mountain stronghold. Communist forces flee and march 6,000 miles, however, 1000’s die from hunger, cold, exposure, and battle wounds.
Chinese Nationalists and Communists are involved
Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution? Who were the Bolsheviks?
The Bolshevik leader was Vladimir Lenin.
Bolsheviks were radical Marxists that were willing to sacrifice everything for change
What brings an end to the Civil War in China between the Communists and Nationalists?
Japan saw that China was weak because of the Civil War so in 1937, they begin an all-out invasion, which causes a pause in the Civil War as Nationalists and the Communists to join together to fight Japan.
What was the capital of the Ottoman Empire and what is its name today?
capital was Constantinople, today is known as Istanbul
After WWI, what was the only land the Ottoman Empire was allowed to continue to hold?
Modern day Turkey
What valuable resource was discovered in southwest Asia during the 1920’s and 1930’s leading to Western nations trying to dominate the region?
Oil
What is the difference between Turkey and Saudi Arabia in terms of the system of law they put in place upon creation of their countries?
Turkey seperated laws of Islam from laws of nation, while Saudi Arabia held strictly to Islamic law.
What were the reasons for discontent leading to revolutionaries beginning to form in Russia?
Because of grueling work hours, low wages, and child labor, revolutionaries began to form in Russia
What is the definition of proletariat?
workers or working class people
What is the definition of soviets?
local councils consisting of workers, peasants, and soldiers, and often had more power than provisional government
What was Russia lagging behind in compared to the rest of Europe when Czar Nicholas II came into power?
Russia lagged behind in industrialization
Who was Gregori Rasputin and what was his role in Russian politics?
Gregori Rasputin was a self-proclaimed holy man, who was a peasant in Russia
When Alexandra comes into contact with Rasputin, who appears to be able to lessen Alexei’s symptoms, he gained great influence over the czarina and helped her rule. This left the nobles and the advisors furious by losing their power to him.
What war did the Russians fight and who did they lose to during 1904-1905?
Russia was fighting the Russo-Japanese War, where they lost to Japan
What decision did Czar Nicholas II make about ruling Russia when he moved to the Eastern Front in 1915?
in 1915, Nicholas II moved headquarters to the front leaving his wife, Czarina Alexandra, behind to run Russia
What was Bloody Sunday?
Bloody Sunday was a protest of 200,000 workers wanting better working conditions in 1905. Czar Nicholas II ordered soldiers to fire on them resulting in 1000 wounded and several hundred killed. This turns the people of Russia even more against Czar Nicholas II
What was the Great Purge?
In 1937, Stalin eliminated anyone who threatened his power. (resuslting in 8 to 13 million deaths over time of purge)
What was Stalin’s Russia view on religion?
Stalin believed in atheism (because that is what the Communist Party believed), so religious teachings were to be replaced with ideals of communism. Russian Orthodox Church was a main target of religious persecution but Jews were as well
What is a collective farm?
combined farms into large government owned farms
What genocide was performed by Joseph Stalin in Russia?
starving the Kulaks to death (military took their food and blocked any food coming into them and 6 million starved to death by government-engineered famine)
*What group of people greatly benefitted in Stalinist Russia?
Women, because they gained new rights and their roles greatly expanded. (They worked along men in most industries and educated, motherhood seen as patriotic duty, women crucial to Russia’s economic growth)
All citizens saw personal freedoms limited, consumer goods in short supply, and dissent prohibited
What were the “Three Principles of the People” in the Republic of China?
nationalism - an end to foreign control
people’s rights - democracy
people’s livelihood - economic security for all Chinese
What did the May Fourth Movement begin?
begins growth of communist movement in China
Which side does China join during WWI?
China entered WWI as part of Allies hoping to gain their territories Germany had taken (the lands are given to Japan instead)
Who was the leader of the Chinese Communist Party?
Mao Zedong
What was Lenin’s slogan for the Bolshevik Revolution?
“Peace, Land, and Bread”
*What led to nationalists in southwest Asia seeing an opportunity to create new countries?
Because European countries were in ruin after WWI, and were focused on rebuilding, nationalists in Southwest Asia saw this as an opportunity to create new countries because they were weak?
Nationalist revolt in Persia leads to Reza Shah Pahlavi seizing power?
Who was the leader of Russia at the beginning of the Russian Revolution?
Czar Nicholas II
What country helped get Vladimir Lenin back into Russia during WWI, to cause unrest and revolution?
Germany
What Russian group made peace with Germany in WWI to get Russia out of the war?
Bolsheviks
Why was Gregori Rasputin killed and who was he killed by?
He was killed because the nobles and advisors were furious at losing their power to Rasputin, so out of fear of Rasputin’s increasing role and power, the nobles and advisors murder him in 1916.
What group did Joseph Stalin commit genocide against?Why?
Stalin commited genocide against the Kulaks (wealthy Ukrainian peasants that resisted collectives) by starving them to death. He did this because the Kulaks resisted the collectives that were ordered by Stalin.
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