Cognitive Approach - Cognitive Processes

==Multi-Store Model of Memory==

 https://www.simplypsychology.org/multi-store.html

  • Sensory memory – iconic memory
      * Stores visual sensory information
      * Capacity: unlimited
      * Duration: 1/3 of a second
  • Short Term Memory
      * Capacity: 5-9 pieces
      * Duration: 20 seconds
      * Chunking can help increase the capacity
      * Move stuff from short term memory to long term memory through rehearsal
      * Maintenance rehearsal involves repeating information again and again
      * Elaborative rehearsal involves elaborating on the information in a meaningful way
      * Takes more effort, but it is more effective as it ensures that information is encoded into long term memory
  • Long Term Memory
      * Whenever we remember something we are retrieving it from what is stored in long term memory
      * Capacity: unlimited
      * Duration: unlimited
      * Procedural memory: “knowing how”, memory of how to do things (skills)
      * Declarative memory: “knowing that”, memory of information about the world (semantic memory) and personal experiences (episodic memory)
      * Episodic memory: stores events (episodes) involving personal experiences. Stores information about context (when and where), state (physical and psychological condition)
      * Semantic memory: LTM declarative memory that stores info about the world. E.g. facts (sun is a star), definitions, rules, concepts, everyday knowledge (a bus is a form of transport) and specialized knowledge (chess piece moves)

==Working Memory Model==

 https://www.simplypsychology.org/working%20memory.html

  • Central Executive
      * Replaces the sensory memory buffer
      * Responsible for monitoring an coordinating the operation of ‘slave systems’
      * The central executive directs attention to tasks
      * Allocates information based on modality
  • Phonological loop
      * Limited capacity (like STM in MSM of memory)
      * Deals with auditory info and language - both written and verbal
      * Baddley (1986) further divided it into the:
      * Phonological store; holds words for a brief period - can be thought as the inner ear
      * Articulatory process; holds words seen/heard and silently repeated like an inner voice
  • Episodic Buffer
      * Temporarily holds several sources of auditory, long-term and visual information active at the same time, while consideration of what is needed in present situation takes place
  • Visuospatial Sketchpad
      * Limited capacity (like STM in MSM of memory)
      * Visual component of short-term memory/inner eye
      * Temporary store for spatial and visual information about what things look like; form and colour
      * The inner scribe; processes spatial and movement information.

==Dual Processing Model==

 https://www.themantic-education.com/ibpsych/2018/11/15/key-study-for-the-dual-processing-model-thinking-and-decision-making/

  • System 1 Thinking
      * the one that is reliant on past information and schema, makes quick and effortless decisions based on limited information.
      * Tend to use mental short-cuts called heuristics
      * 90% of time we access system 1
      * System 1 thinking and take shortcuts - quick thinking, intuitive
  • System 2 Thinking
      * System 2 thinking - much more effortful and requires more conscious reasoning
      * 5% of the time we access system 2 where we slow down.
      * System 2 thinking - rational thinking