ap psych 2.8 c

cross-sectional: research comparing ppl of different ages at the same point in time.
longitudinal: research that follows and retests the same ppl over time

cross-sectional study vs longitudinal study

show how abilities manifest across different age groups

what does cross-sectional study show?

show how 1 group changes as we retest them repeatedly over time

what does longitudinal study show?

cohort

group of ppl sharing a common characteristic, such as being born the same year

often used in longitudinal study to reveal trends over time

cohorts are often used in what?

intelligence was initially believed to decrease w/ age, and it led to mandatory retirement in some companies

what was shown in cross-sectional studies by Wechsler and what did it lead to?

cross sectional studies showed that intelligence decreases w/ age, while longitudinal studies show that IQ stayed relatively consistent over time

what did cross-sectional studies and longitudinal studies show for effects of aging on intelligence?

Gf generally decreases w/ age, while Gc generally stays the same/increases

conclusion of effects of aging on intelligence scores

intelligence is mostly inherited, but environment can play a large role in how it manifests, and it actually does have some effect on intelligence

what do twin studies say about IQ?

heritability

extent to which variation within a group can be attributed to gene variation

explains 50-80% of observed variation amongst ppl but not amongst groups

genetic influence explains what?

polygenetic, influenced by many genes

what is intelligence seen as?

epigenetic

studies the interaction between biological and enviroment

neglect and poverty

what can stunt intelligence?

true

t/f - having super wealthy parents or providing extra enriching environments DOESN’T create genius children

motivation and beliefs

what can enhance achievements?

growth mindset

focus on learning and growing rather than viewing abilities as fixed

optimism, motivation, and resiliency

what does a growth mindset encourage?

fixed mindset

view that inteligences, abilities, and talents are unchangeable, even w/ effort