General Physical Science Module 2

What is matter?

Anything that occupies space and has mass

What are the 3 most commonly found states of matter?

Solid, liquid, and gas

What is the 4th very rare phase of matter?

Plasma

What state of matter was found in 1995?

Bose-Einstein Condensate

What is mass?

The amount of matter in an object

The amount of force gravity exerts upon an object is…

Weight

Volume is….

The amount of space occupied by an object

How does density relate to mass and volume?

Density is the ratio of mass to volume

A physical property is…

A characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in chemical composition

What type of change takes place without any changes in the composition of matter?

A physical change

What is a chemical property?

A characteristic of matter that can only be seen by changing the chemical identity

What produces one or more types of matter that differ from the matter present before?

A chemical change

What are elements?

Unique forms of matter that have specific chemical and physical properties that can’t be broken down by ordinary chemical reactions

Out of the 118 elements how many occur naturally?

92

An atom is…

The smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties

2 or more different elements that combine in a small, whole-number ratio is called?

A compound

What is a molecule?

2 or more atoms that are chemically joined and cannot be separated easily

Any solid material made of atoms, ions, or molecules organized in a repeating 3d pattern is known as?

A crystal

What are the 4 types of crystals?

Covalent, ionic, metallic, and molecular

Mixtures are made of….

2 or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be separated by physical changes

Which type of mixture exhibits a uniform composition and appears visually the same throughout?

A homogeneous mixture (or solution)

In a heterogeneous mixture the composition….

Varies from point to point

A mixture that appears homogeneous but will separate from each other over time is called?

A suspension

State changes occur when…

A substance changes from one matter state to another

In a physical change, compounds may rearrange, but…

The bonds i between atoms won’t break

In a chemical change the particles themselves change and

Atom bonds break and rearrange

Which type of change is easier to reverse?

Physical

A chemical change may be reversed by…

A second chemical change

What are the 5 signs of chemical change?

Change in color

Change of odor

Formation of bubbles

Formation of precipitate

Change in energy

Laws use…

Concise language to describe a generalized pattern that is supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments

The law of conservation of mass, states that….

Mass in an isolated system is neither created or destroyed when matter goes through a chemical or physical change

In a physical change the mass will…

Stay the same

In a chemical reaction the mass of the products equals….

The mass of the reactants

Which states of matter cannot be compressed?

Solid and liquid

What are crystalline solids?

Particles in a solid phase arranged in a regular repeating pattern

Amorphous solids form when….

Molecules aren’t arranged in their regular, orderly pattern

Which state of matter takes the shape and volume of its container?

A gas

Plasma is….

A gaseous state of matter that contains appreciable numbers of electrically charged particles

What is energy?

The ability to do work

What is kinetic energy?

The energy associated with objects/particles in motion

What is kinetic energy proportional to?

Speed squared

Potential energy is…

Energy associated with the location and structure of a motionless object

What is chemical energy?

Potential energy in chemical bonds that is released when the bonds are broken

The kinetic theory of matter states that…

Matter is composed of a large number of small particles that are in constant motion

What is the first postulate of the kinetic theory of matter?

Gases are composed of molecules that are in random motion traveling in straight lines until they collide with each other or their container

What is the second postulate of the kinetic theory of matter?

The molecules composing a gas are incredibly small compared to the distance between them

What is the third postulate of the kinetic theory of matter?

The pressure exerted by a gas in a container results from collisions between the gas molecules and the container walls

What is the fourth postulate of the kinetic theory of matter?

Collisions are perfectly elastic

What is the fifth postulate of the kinetic theory of matter?

The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas

Which kinetic theory of matter postulate implies that all molecular motion would stop if temperature decreased to absolute zero on the Kelvin scale?

The 5th postulate

Which temperature gas has great average kinetic energy?

“Hot” gas

“Cold” gas has what type of kinetic energy?

Low average kinetic energy

Particles in solids have….

Low energy

Particles in liquids have…

Higher energy than solids but lower than gases

Particles in gases have…

High energy

Sublimation is..

A solid going to a gas

Deposition is…

A gas turning to a solid, with no liquid phase

Ionization is…

A gas turning to plasma

What is it called when plasma turns to a gas?

Deionization

What do gas laws examine?

the relationship between gas temperature, volume, pressure, and amount of particles

Pressure is defined as….

the force exerted on a given area

What is the SI unit for pressure?

pascals (Pa)

What is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to area?

Pressure

What is Gas pressure caused by?

the force exerted by gas molecules colliding with the walls of the container

More collisions=….?

higher gas pressure

What instrument is used to measure the pressure of gas in a container?

a manometer

What does the Sixth assumption of KMT state?

that there are no forces between the particles of the gas, except those involved in collisions between particles

How do you define an ideal gas?

Take the 5 basic postulates of KMT and add a 6th assumption

What does Boyle’s Law state?

at a constant temperature and number of molecules, the absolute pressure of a gas and it’s volume are inversely proportional

What does Charles’s Law state?

at a constant pressure and number of molecules, the volume of a gas is proportional to it’s absolute temperature

What does Amonton’s Law state?

at a constant volume and number of molecules, the pressure is proportional to the temperature

What does Avogadro’s Law state?

at a constant temperature and pressure, the volume of gas is directly proportional to the number of particles of the gas present in the container

What Law is also known as Gay-Lussac’s Law?

Amonton’s Law

Real gas behaves more or less like ideal gas except at…

high pressures and low temperatures

What does the Ideal Gas Law describe?

the behaviors of a real gas in the case of standard density and room temperature

What are the 6 phase transitions?

melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, and deposition

What may change the arrangement of substance’s particles by increasing their potential energy?

Heat flow

When do atoms/molecules become slower moving and have less kinetic energy?

when heat leaves an object

What happens when heat is added to an object?

it’s atoms/molecules become fast moving and it has higher kinetic energy

Energy is required to melt a…

solid to a liquid

What is released before freezing occurs?

energy

Higher pressure equals a higher….

boiling point

Condensation is when…

molecules are brought together when energy is removed or transferred out of system

What does energy involved in a state change depend on?

the strength and number of bonds

What does a heating graph do?

it shows change in temperature from a solid to a liquid to a gas

What does a cooling graph show?

the change in temperature from a gas to a liquid to a solid

The total energy absorbed in a heating graph is equal to…

the total energy released in the cooling graph of the same substance

What remains constant until a substance changes states?

temperature

Why do heating and cooling graphs have 2 main plateau areas where phase changes occur?

because temperature remains constant until a substance changes states

What kind of energy is absorbed or released in the 2 main graph plateau areas?

potential energy