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What is matter?
Anything that occupies space and has mass
What are the 3 most commonly found states of matter?
Solid, liquid, and gas
What is the 4th very rare phase of matter?
Plasma
What state of matter was found in 1995?
Bose-Einstein Condensate
What is mass?
The amount of matter in an object
The amount of force gravity exerts upon an object is…
Weight
Volume is….
The amount of space occupied by an object
How does density relate to mass and volume?
Density is the ratio of mass to volume
A physical property is…
A characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in chemical composition
What type of change takes place without any changes in the composition of matter?
A physical change
What is a chemical property?
A characteristic of matter that can only be seen by changing the chemical identity
What produces one or more types of matter that differ from the matter present before?
A chemical change
What are elements?
Unique forms of matter that have specific chemical and physical properties that can’t be broken down by ordinary chemical reactions
Out of the 118 elements how many occur naturally?
92
An atom is…
The smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties
2 or more different elements that combine in a small, whole-number ratio is called?
A compound
What is a molecule?
2 or more atoms that are chemically joined and cannot be separated easily
Any solid material made of atoms, ions, or molecules organized in a repeating 3d pattern is known as?
A crystal
What are the 4 types of crystals?
Covalent, ionic, metallic, and molecular
Mixtures are made of….
2 or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be separated by physical changes
Which type of mixture exhibits a uniform composition and appears visually the same throughout?
A homogeneous mixture (or solution)
In a heterogeneous mixture the composition….
Varies from point to point
A mixture that appears homogeneous but will separate from each other over time is called?
A suspension
State changes occur when…
A substance changes from one matter state to another
In a physical change, compounds may rearrange, but…
The bonds i between atoms won’t break
In a chemical change the particles themselves change and
Atom bonds break and rearrange
Which type of change is easier to reverse?
Physical
A chemical change may be reversed by…
A second chemical change
What are the 5 signs of chemical change?
Change in color
Change of odor
Formation of bubbles
Formation of precipitate
Change in energy
Laws use…
Concise language to describe a generalized pattern that is supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments
The law of conservation of mass, states that….
Mass in an isolated system is neither created or destroyed when matter goes through a chemical or physical change
In a physical change the mass will…
Stay the same
In a chemical reaction the mass of the products equals….
The mass of the reactants
Which states of matter cannot be compressed?
Solid and liquid
What are crystalline solids?
Particles in a solid phase arranged in a regular repeating pattern
Amorphous solids form when….
Molecules aren’t arranged in their regular, orderly pattern
Which state of matter takes the shape and volume of its container?
A gas
Plasma is….
A gaseous state of matter that contains appreciable numbers of electrically charged particles
What is energy?
The ability to do work
What is kinetic energy?
The energy associated with objects/particles in motion
What is kinetic energy proportional to?
Speed squared
Potential energy is…
Energy associated with the location and structure of a motionless object
What is chemical energy?
Potential energy in chemical bonds that is released when the bonds are broken
The kinetic theory of matter states that…
Matter is composed of a large number of small particles that are in constant motion
What is the first postulate of the kinetic theory of matter?
Gases are composed of molecules that are in random motion traveling in straight lines until they collide with each other or their container
What is the second postulate of the kinetic theory of matter?
The molecules composing a gas are incredibly small compared to the distance between them
What is the third postulate of the kinetic theory of matter?
The pressure exerted by a gas in a container results from collisions between the gas molecules and the container walls
What is the fourth postulate of the kinetic theory of matter?
Collisions are perfectly elastic
What is the fifth postulate of the kinetic theory of matter?
The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas
Which kinetic theory of matter postulate implies that all molecular motion would stop if temperature decreased to absolute zero on the Kelvin scale?
The 5th postulate
Which temperature gas has great average kinetic energy?
“Hot” gas
“Cold” gas has what type of kinetic energy?
Low average kinetic energy
Particles in solids have….
Low energy
Particles in liquids have…
Higher energy than solids but lower than gases
Particles in gases have…
High energy
Sublimation is..
A solid going to a gas
Deposition is…
A gas turning to a solid, with no liquid phase
Ionization is…
A gas turning to plasma
What is it called when plasma turns to a gas?
Deionization
What do gas laws examine?
the relationship between gas temperature, volume, pressure, and amount of particles
Pressure is defined as….
the force exerted on a given area
What is the SI unit for pressure?
pascals (Pa)
What is directly proportional to force and inversely proportional to area?
Pressure
What is Gas pressure caused by?
the force exerted by gas molecules colliding with the walls of the container
More collisions=….?
higher gas pressure
What instrument is used to measure the pressure of gas in a container?
a manometer
What does the Sixth assumption of KMT state?
that there are no forces between the particles of the gas, except those involved in collisions between particles
How do you define an ideal gas?
Take the 5 basic postulates of KMT and add a 6th assumption
What does Boyle’s Law state?
at a constant temperature and number of molecules, the absolute pressure of a gas and it’s volume are inversely proportional
What does Charles’s Law state?
at a constant pressure and number of molecules, the volume of a gas is proportional to it’s absolute temperature
What does Amonton’s Law state?
at a constant volume and number of molecules, the pressure is proportional to the temperature
What does Avogadro’s Law state?
at a constant temperature and pressure, the volume of gas is directly proportional to the number of particles of the gas present in the container
What Law is also known as Gay-Lussac’s Law?
Amonton’s Law
Real gas behaves more or less like ideal gas except at…
high pressures and low temperatures
What does the Ideal Gas Law describe?
the behaviors of a real gas in the case of standard density and room temperature
What are the 6 phase transitions?
melting, freezing, evaporation, condensation, sublimation, and deposition
What may change the arrangement of substance’s particles by increasing their potential energy?
Heat flow
When do atoms/molecules become slower moving and have less kinetic energy?
when heat leaves an object
What happens when heat is added to an object?
it’s atoms/molecules become fast moving and it has higher kinetic energy
Energy is required to melt a…
solid to a liquid
What is released before freezing occurs?
energy
Higher pressure equals a higher….
boiling point
Condensation is when…
molecules are brought together when energy is removed or transferred out of system
What does energy involved in a state change depend on?
the strength and number of bonds
What does a heating graph do?
it shows change in temperature from a solid to a liquid to a gas
What does a cooling graph show?
the change in temperature from a gas to a liquid to a solid
The total energy absorbed in a heating graph is equal to…
the total energy released in the cooling graph of the same substance
What remains constant until a substance changes states?
temperature
Why do heating and cooling graphs have 2 main plateau areas where phase changes occur?
because temperature remains constant until a substance changes states
What kind of energy is absorbed or released in the 2 main graph plateau areas?
potential energy