General Physical Science Module 2

What is matter?

Anything that occupies space and has mass

What are the 3 most commonly found states of matter?

Solid, liquid, and gas

What is the 4th very rare phase of matter?

Plasma

What state of matter was found in 1995?

Bose-Einstein Condensate

What is mass?

The amount of matter in an object

The amount of force gravity exerts upon an object is…

Weight

Volume is….

The amount of space occupied by an object

How does density relate to mass and volume?

Density is the ratio of mass to volume

A physical property is…

A characteristic of matter that is not associated with a change in chemical composition

What type of change takes place without any changes in the composition of matter?

A physical change

What is a chemical property?

A characteristic of matter that can only be seen by changing the chemical identity

What produces one or more types of matter that differ from the matter present before?

A chemical change

What are elements?

Unique forms of matter that have specific chemical and physical properties that can’t be broken down by ordinary chemical reactions

Out of the 118 elements how many occur naturally?

92

An atom is…

The smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties

2 or more different elements that combine in a small, whole-number ratio is called?

A compound

What is a molecule?

2 or more atoms that are chemically joined and cannot be separated easily

Any solid material made of atoms, ions, or molecules organized in a repeating 3d pattern is known as?

A crystal

What are the 4 types of crystals?

Covalent, ionic, metallic, and molecular

Mixtures are made of….

2 or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be separated by physical changes

Which type of mixture exhibits a uniform composition and appears visually the same throughout?

A homogeneous mixture (or solution)

In a heterogeneous mixture the composition….

Varies from point to point

A mixture that appears homogeneous but will separate from each other over time is called?

A suspension

State changes occur when…

A substance changes from one matter state to another

In a physical change, compounds may rearrange, but…

The bonds i between atoms won’t break

In a chemical change the particles themselves change and

Atom bonds break and rearrange

Which type of change is easier to reverse?

Physical

A chemical change may be reversed by…

A second chemical change

What are the 5 signs of chemical change?

Change in color

Change of odor

Formation of bubbles

Formation of precipitate

Change in energy

Laws use…

Concise language to describe a generalized pattern that is supported by scientific evidence and repeated experiments

The law of conservation of mass, states that….

Mass in an isolated system is neither created or destroyed when matter goes through a chemical or physical change

In a physical change the mass will…

Stay the same

In a chemical reaction the mass of the products equals….

The mass of the reactants

Which states of matter cannot be compressed?

Solid and liquid

What are crystalline solids?

Particles in a solid phase arranged in a regular repeating pattern

Amorphous solids form when….

Molecules aren’t arranged in their regular, orderly pattern

Which state of matter takes the shape and volume of its container?

A gas

Plasma is….

A gaseous state of matter that contains appreciable numbers of electrically charged particles

What is energy?

The ability to do work

What is kinetic energy?

The energy associated with objects/particles in motion

What is kinetic energy proportional to?

Speed squared

Potential energy is…

Energy associated with the location and structure of a motionless object

What is chemical energy?

Potential energy in chemical bonds that is released when the bonds are broken

The kinetic theory of matter states that…

Matter is composed of a large number of small particles that are in constant motion

What is the first postulate of the kinetic theory of matter?

Gases are composed of molecules that are in random motion traveling in straight lines until they collide with each other or their container

What is the second postulate of the kinetic theory of matter?

The molecules composing a gas are incredibly small compared to the distance between them

What is the third postulate of the kinetic theory of matter?

The pressure exerted by a gas in a container results from collisions between the gas molecules and the container walls

What is the fourth postulate of the kinetic theory of matter?

Collisions are perfectly elastic

What is the fifth postulate of the kinetic theory of matter?

The average kinetic energy of gas molecules is proportional to the Kelvin temperature of the gas

Which kinetic theory of matter postulate implies that all molecular motion would stop if temperature decreased to absolute zero on the Kelvin scale?

The 5th postulate

Which temperature gas has great average kinetic energy?

“Hot” gas

“Cold” gas has what type of kinetic energy?

Low average kinetic energy

Particles in solids have….

Low energy

Particles in liquids have…

Higher energy than solids but lower than gases

Particles in gases have…

High energy

Sublimation is..

A solid going to a gas

Deposition is…

A gas turning to a solid, with no liquid phase

Ionization is…

A gas turning to plasma

What is it called when plasma turns to a gas?

Deionization