BCH2MBC

Main Phases of Glycolysis

Preparatory (uses ATP) and Payoff (produces ATP).

Enzyme that Initiates Glycolysis

Hexokinase.

Regulation of Phosphofructokinase (PFK)

High Citrate –| PFK, High ATP –| PFK, High AMP –> PFK, High Fructose-2,6-Bisphosphate –> PFK.

Regulation of Pyruvate Kinase Activity

High ATP –| Pyruvate Kinase, High Fructose-1,6-Bisphosphate –> Pyruvate Kinase, High Alanine –| Pyruvate Kinase.

Fate of Pyruvate with Oxygen

Converted to acetyl-CoA for the TCA cycle.

Gluconeogenesis Location

Mainly occurs in the liver.

Role of Insulin in Glucose Metabolism

Lowers blood glucose by promoting glycolysis and glycogen synthesis.

Effect of Type I Diabetes on Metabolism

Results in insulin deficiency, requiring reliance on fat metabolism.

Net Gain of ATP in Glycolysis

2 ATP molecules.

Bypassing Irreversible Glycolytic Steps in Gluconeogenesis

Uses alternative enzymes.

Difference between Type I and Type II Diabetes

Type I is due to insulin deficiency, Type II is due to insulin resistance.

Key Regulatory Enzymes in Glycolysis

Hexokinase, Phosphofructokinase (PFK), Pyruvate Kinase.

Substrates of Glycolysis

Glucose is converted to pyruvate.

Glycolysis Enzyme Regulation Mechanism

Inhibition and activation through different metabolites.

Pyruvate Conversion without Oxygen

Converted to lactate (in animals) or ethanol (in yeast).