Lab 7: Nucleophilic Substitution Reactions of Alkyl Halides & Reaction of Alkanes and Alkenes
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14 Terms
what type of solvents favor SN1 reactions?
polar protic
examples of polar protic solvents
water, methanol, ethanol, alcohol, ammonia
why does a polar protic solvent favor SN1?
hydrogen atoms in solution help to stabilize the carbocation and the leaving group
solvolysis
what type of solvents favor SN2?
polar aprotic
give examples of polar aprotic solvents
DMF, DMSO, THF
why does polar aprotic solvents favor SN2 reactions?
no solvolysis to get in the way of reaction
does not block access to carbon
concerted mechanism-no carbocation formed that needs stabilization
steric hindrance does not favor SN2
rate law for SN1 reaction
rate = [RX]
rate law for SN2 reaction
rate = [RX][Nu-]
substrate reactivity for SN1 reaction
3° > 2° > 1° > CH3 > vinyl
substrate reactivity for SN2 reactivity
CH3 > 1° > 2° > 3°
what tests were used to determine alkene or alkane identity?
bromine in nonaqueous solution
acid permanganate test
bromine in nonaqueous solution
Alkane-remains dark orange/red for a long time, needs like (hv) to become colorless
Alkene-instantly colorless
acid permanganate test
Alkene-top layer is colorless
Alkane-no reaction
why is Ag+ used for SN1 reaction?
Causes certain ions to precipitate out
Positive charge pulls Cl away from carbon to form carbocation
Leaving group needs to leave first
Note 
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