Microbio exam 1 (ch. 1-4)

Microbiology

Microbiology

The study of organisms too small to be seen without magnification

Microorganisms include:

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa, algae, helminths

Sampling fields and occupations in microbiology:

medical microbiology, public health microbiology, epidemiology, biotechnology, genetic engineering, industrial microbiology, immunology, agricultural microbiology, food microbiology

medical microbiology

studies the effects of microorganisms on human beings, remains the most well-known branch of microbiology

public health microbiology and epidemiology

monitor and control the spread of diseases in communities

institutions in charge of public health microbiology and epidemiology

U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)

biotechnology, genetic engineering, industrial microbiology

These branches revolve around the idea that microorganisms can be used to derive a desired product, from beer to vaccines

biotechnology

focuses on the natural abilities of microbes

genetic engineering

involves the deliberate alteration of the genetic makeup of organisms to create novel microbes, plants and animals with unique behaviors and physiology

industrial microbiology

the science of scaling up these processes to produce large quantities of a desired product

immunology

This branch studies the complex web of protective substances and reactions caused by invading microbes and other harmful entities. It includes such diverse areas as blood testing, vaccination, and allergy

agricultural microbiology

This branch is concerned with the relationships between microbes and domesticated plants and animals. Plant specialists focus on plant diseases, soil fertility, and nutritional interactions. Animal specialists work with infectious diseases and other interactions between animals and microorganisms

food microbiology

These scientists are concerned with the impact of microbes on the food supply, including such areas as food spoilage, food-borne diseases, and production

origins of microorganisms

Bacteria-like organisms have existed on earth for about 3.5 billion years. Two types: prokaryote and eukaryote

prokaryote

(pre-nucleus): Simple cells

microscopic, unicellular organisms, lack nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

eukaryote

(true nucleus): Complex cells

unicellular (microscopic) and multicellular, nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Microbial structure

Two cell lines: prokaryote and eukaryote

viruses

Acellular, parasitic particles composed of a nucleic acid and protein

microbial diversity

6 types of microbes

6 types of microbes

bacteria, fungi, algae, virus, protozoan, helminths

microbial dimensions

atomic, ultramicroscopic, microscopic, macroscopic

photosynthesis

Light fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material

Decomposition

Breakdown of dead matter and wastes into simple compounds

Human use of Biotechnology

Production of foods, drugs, and vaccines using living organisms

Human use of Bioremediation

Using living organisms to remedy an environmental problem

Lifestyles of Microorganisms

Majority live a free existence, are relatively harmless and often beneficial, and in many cases essential to life.

Some microorganisms have close associations with other organisms

Parasites

live on or in the body of another organism called the host and it damages the host.

Pathogens:

Microbes that do harm

Nearly 1,500 different microbes cause human diseases

10 M deaths from infections/year worldwide

Majority deaths from infections concentrated in developing countries

Burden of infectious diseases

around 10 million deaths per year.

often affects developing countries more severely

Scientific Method

Approach taken by scientists to explain a certain natural phenomenon

hypothesis

a tentative explanation that can be supported or refuted

•Deductive approach “If…, then….”

Experiment

A lengthy process of experimentation, analysis, and testing either supports or refutes the hypothesis

Results must be published and repeated by other investigators

Hypothesis supported by extensive data becomes ___.

Theory

Theory

a viable explanation of why things happen which is yet to be disproved by scientific methods

Law or principle

Accurate mathematical representations of a theory

Jenner use the ___ in his smallpox vaccine development

scientific method

Formation of Jenner’s hypothesis

Jenner deduced that the cowpox was closely related to smallpox and could possibly be used on patients to provide protection similar to that of the milkmaids he had seen

Testing on hypothesis, experiment I

Jenner took scrapings form cowpox blisters on the hand of a milkmaid and inoculated them into a boy who had not had smallpox. He developed minor symptoms but remained healthy

Testing on hypothesis, experiment II

After a few weeks, the child was exposed twice to the pus from an active smallpox lesion. He did not acquire smallpox and appeared to have immune protection

vaccination

Latin vacca for cow

Smallpox is eradicated from the world

A massive vaccination campaign aimed to reduce cases and to stamp out the disease completely. Billions of doses given over a decade reduced smallpox to zero. The last cases occurred in 1977, and in 1979 the disease was declared eradicated

John Tyndall and Ferdinand Cohn

each demonstrated the presence of heat resistant forms of some microbes

Ferdinand Cohn

determined these forms to be heat-resistant bacterial endospores

Sterility

requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores, viruses and prions

Scientists that developed aseptic Techniques

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

observed that mothers of home births had fewer infections than those who gave birth in hospitals

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

correlated infections with physicians coming directly from the autopsy room to the maternity ward

Joseph Lister

introduced aseptic techniques to reduce microbes in medical settings and prevent wound infections

aseptic techniques (Joseph Lister)

Involved disinfection of hands using chemicals prior to surgery

Use of heat for sterilization

Diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and not by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc.

Two major contributors of The Germ Theory of Disease

Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

Louis Pasteur (1822 to 1895)

Showed microbes caused fermentation and spoilage

Disproved spontaneous generation of microorganisms

Developed pasteurization

Demonstrated what is now known as Germ Theory of Disease, later proved by Robert Koch

Taxonomy

organizing, classifying, and naming living things

originated the formal system of taxonomy

Carl von Linné (1701 to 1778)

taxonomy is concerned with

Classification, nomenclature, identification

Classification

orderly arrangement of organisms into groups

nomenclature

assigning names

identification

determining and recording traits of organisms for placement into taxonomic schemes

Levels of Classification

Domain - Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya

Kingdom

Phylum or Division

Class

Order

Family

Genus

Species

Assigning Scientific Names

Binomial (two-name) nomenclature

Binomial (two-name) nomenclature

Gives each organism 2 names

Both italicized or underlined

genus

capitalized

species

lowercase

why did the WHO update naming guidelines (2015)

to be more respectful of people’s feelings

Phylogeny

natural relatedness between groups of organisms

Evolution

All new species originate from preexisting species

Closely related organism share similar traits because they evolved from common ancestral forms

Evolution usually progresses toward greater complexity

Matter

all materials that occupy space and have mass. Matter is composed of atoms

Atom

simplest form of matter not divisible into simpler substances

Protons

(+) subatomic particles

Neutrons

neutral subatomic particles

Electrons

(-) subatomic particles

All atoms share the same fundamental ___

structure

Element

pure substances with a characteristic number of protons, neutrons, and electrons and predictable chemical behaviors

Atomic number

number of protons

Mass number

number of protons and neutrons

Isotopes

variant forms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons

Atomic weight

average mass numbers of all isotopic forms

Electron orbitals

volumes of space surrounding the atomic nucleus where electrons are likely to be found

If two atoms have the same number of protons and electrons but different numbers of neutrons, they would be 

isotopes of the same element

Molecule

a chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms

Compounds

molecules that are combinations of two or more different elements

Formula/Mass weight

sum of all of the atomic masses of the atoms a molecule contains

Chemical bonds

when 2 or more atoms share, donate, or accept electrons to form molecules and compounds

three types of chemical bonds

Covalent bonds 

Ionic bonds, and 

Hydrogen bonds

flow of the scientific method

hypothesis, experiment, theory, law

Covalent bonds

electrons are shared among atoms

two types of covalent bonds

Polar and Nonpolar

Polar covalent bonds

unequal sharing

Nonpolar covalent bonds

equal sharing

Ionic Bonds

one or more electrons from one atom are removed and attached to another atom, forming positively charged cations and negatively charged anions

cations

positively charged

anions

negatively charged

Hydrogen bonds

weak bonds between hydrogen and other atoms

Molecules where atoms share electrons contain

covalent bonds

oxidation-reduction reactions

Energy exchange in cells is a result of the movement of electrons from one molecule to another

Oxidation

the loss of electrons

Reduction

the gaining of electrons

Reactants

molecules starting a reaction

Products

substances left by a reaction

Synthesis reaction

the reactants bond together in a manner that produces an entirely new molecule