10.31 English Humanism and Cultural Change

Henry focuses on peace through strength by

neutralizing political factions

Humanism

vehicle for religious reform in the Latin Church. Going back to Greco-Roman classicism: virtue, optimism about human achievement, textual criticism

textual criticism

comparing different copies of the same book to determine which is best/most accurate. encourages learning of Latin, Greek, and Hebrew

Incunabula

‘little cradles.’ printed books before 1501

Noremberg Chronicle, 1493

what cities all over the world look like

Printer’s Mark

there are no intellectual copyright laws

Everyone uses printing. The papacy uses it for indulgences in 1498 under

Pope Alexander VI

The church is now called this, since it’s after the protestant reformation

Roman Catholic

hybridity

space to stamp someone’s name

95 theses against indulgences, 1517

printed proposal for an academic debate that was widely spread

there’s growing interest in

realism/naturalism, anatomy, math, faces

most portraits were done by

Hans Holbein the Younger

John Colet, 1467-1519

Dean of St. Paul’s who called for church reform. Part of friend group.

Erasmus, 1469-1536

Praise of Folly, 1511 - religious folly in the Roman Catholic Church, including indulgences and Mary. Stay in the church and reform it. The church has made forgiveness a mathematical formula. Wrote a Greek New Testament and printed it.

Thomas More, 1478-1535

Utopia, 1516. Peace through everyone being the same, no property, shift houses every 10 years

Friends

Colet, Erasmus, More

Humanists try again with

Tyndale’s Bible, 1525, written while he lives outside of England, but he’s executed

Coverdale Bible, 1535

Erasmus’s NT and Hebrew OT. First full Bible in English.

Because Henry VIII’s marriage to Catherine violates Catholic teachings, they ask Pope Julius II for

dispensation

Henry and Catherine have one child

Mary

Henry writes a treatise vs. Luther and is called

Defender of the Faith

England is starting to

hear about Luther’s ideas

Cardinal Thomas Wolsey

English kings are becoming interested in diplomacy, so Henry’s Lord Chancellor is responsible for a meeting with France in Calais

The Field of the Cloth of GOld, 1520

goal: improve relations and get Henry a divorce

Henry believes he doesn’t have a son because

God is punishing him for marrying his brother’s widow

High up people are interested in this, encouraging Henry

Protestantism

Anne Boleyn, d.1536, refuses to sleep with Henry until

he gets a divorce

Thomas Cromwell replaces Wolsey, and he, with ABC Cranmer…

breaks England from the Church

Act of Supremacy, 1534

Anglican church is created with the king at the head. They are not subservient to the Pope

Act of Succession

Mary is thrown out

Treasons Act, 1534

You’re a traitor if you disobey the Acts of Succession or Supremacy

Cranmer meets with Catherine, who refuses the divorce and says she will only

listen to the Pope

The accusations against Anne

she was pregnant before marriage, and coronated before marriage

Anne and Henry’s child

Elizabeth

Cromwell’s money maker, Suppression of the Monasteries, 1536-40

800 monasteries are dissolved. Their property and land are seized under the guise that they’re corrupt, and buildings are given to nobles. Henry looks like a good protestant.

Pilgrimage of Grace, 1536

rebellion by Catholics in Yorkshire against becoming Protestant. Put down.

Six Articles of 1539

the theology of the Anglican church, very similar to RC

Henry VIII”s Bible, 1539

Henry on top, handing out the Bible to people