Chapters 1-6 Review

Study for semester exams

Agricultural Revolution

shift from foraging to farming

Domestication

controlling reproduction of plants/animals

Pastoralists

herders who lived off domesticated animals

Transhumant herder

pastoralists who move seasonally between fixed areas

Fertile Crescent

region in Southwest Asia where agriculture first appeared

Surplus oops

extra food beyond what a population needs

Sedentary

staying settled in one place

Jericho

one of the earliest known villages

Çatalhöyük

early large farming village; known for art + complex layout

Agrarian

relating to farming/agriculture

Specialization

people doing specific non-farming jobs

Hierarchy

ranked social order

Cultural diffusion

spread of ideas, products, and practices

Domesticated cereal grains

wheat, barley, rice, millet

Farming package

crops + tools + animals developed in one region and spread elsewhere.

Monotheism

belief in one God

Polytheism

belief in many gods

Dharma

duty (Hinduism)

Karma

actions affect future lives

Reincarnation

rebirth

Moksha

freedom from rebirth

Four Noble Truths

Buddhism’s core teachings

Covenant

agreement with God

Messiah

savior

Qur’an

Islamic holy book

Five Pillars of Islam

core practices

Philosophy

systems of ideas about life

Yin and yang

balance

Missionary

spreads of religion

civilization

complex society with cities and organized institutions

River valley civilization

civilization formed near major rivers

Mesopotamia

land between the rivers (Tigris and Euphrates)

Irrigation

artificial watering of crops

Surplus

extra food beyond immediate needs

Social hierarchy

ranked social classes

Polytheism

belief in many gods

Cuneiform

Mesopotamian writing system

Hieroglyphs

Egyptian writing system

Code of Hammurabi

written Mesopotamian law code

Divine kingship

ruler's authority comes from the gods

Artisan

skilled craft worker

Silt

fertile soil carried as sediment in river water

city-state

independent city with surrounding land

Empire

large territory ruled by one authority

Imperialism

policy of expanding power through conquest

Sargon of Akkad

founder of the first empire

Akkadian Empire

first known empire

Babylonian Empire

empire ruled by Hammurabi

Hammurabi’s code

written law code

Assyrian empire

known for military strength

Persian empire

empire known for tolerance and organization

Satrap

Persian provincial governor

Bureaucracy

system of officials

Tribute

payments from conquered peoples

Tolerance

acceptance of different cultures/religions

Infrastructure

roads, canals, systems

Centralized government

power held by central authority

Cultural diffusion

spread of ideas and customs

Classical civilization

advanced society with lasting influence

Democracy

ruled by the people

Republic

elected representatives govern

Philosophy

study of knowledge and ethics

Citizen

legal member of a state

Confucianism

philosophy emphasizing order & respect

Civil service exam

test to select officials

Silk Road

trade routes linking Asia & Europe

Golden Age

time of peace and achievment

Twelve Tables

Roman law code

Merit-based system

advancement by ability not birth